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Microplastics in the sludge of a biological treatment plant and their impact on the excess sludge processing
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Researchers studied microplastics in sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, testing their effect on biogas production during treatment and developing an extraction method using a chemical cleaning step plus oil extraction. A soil column experiment found that smaller microplastic particles traveled deeper into soil, especially during heavier rainfall, with effects depending on particle type, size and shape.
Mikroplastika (MP) je prisotna povsod v okolju, vendar standardne metode ekstrakcije in karakterizacije, s katerimi bi jo lahko številčno ovrednotili, še ne obstajajo. Eden izmed virov, ki sprejema MP, so komunalne čistilne naprave (KČN), pri katerih se med procesom čiščenja največ MP zadrži v odvečnem blatu (do 90 %). Med raziskovanjem smo se osredotočili na MP v odvečnem blatu, njen vpliv na proizvodnjo bioplina med anaerobno digestijo (AD) ter metodo ekstrakcije iz organsko bogatih vzorcev. Po obdelavi se lahko blato nanaša tudi na kmetijske površine, zato smo s kolonskim eksperimentom preverili, kako globoko v tleh MP migrira. Po postopku z OxiTop® sistemom smo merili vpliv MP na proizvodnjo bioplina in razmerje med CH4 in CO2. Dodali smo MP različnih vrst in koncentracij (0,01–10 g L-1). Preverili smo tudi vpliv predobdelave z ozoniranjem odvečnega blata pred AD. Rezultati vpliva prisotne MP na proces AD s predobdelavo z ozonacijo in brez nje nakazuje na dejstvo, da prisotnost MP v odvečnem blatu vpliva na sam proces z mehanizmi, ki še niso dovolj raziskani. Na podlagi naših raziskav lahko zaključimo, da ima prisotna MP vpliv na postopek AD in izplen CH4. Vendar opaženih učinkov ni bilo mogoče neposredno povezati z uporabljenimi koncentracijami MP, kar kaže na kompleksnost interakcij MP v procesu AD. Želeli smo razviti metodo za ekstrakcijo MP iz odvečnega blata. Uporabili smo metodo oljne ekstrakcije, pred katero smo vzorce odvečnega blata dodatno predobdelali s Fentonovim reagentom, da smo odstranili organske snovi. Učinkovitost metode smo preverjali tako, da smo v vzorce blata dodali različne vrste in velikosti MP. Kombinacija Fentonovega reagenta in oljne ekstrakcije je ekonomsko dostopna in zanesljiva metoda za kvantifikacijo in karakterizacijo delcev. Uporaba Fentonovega reagenta se je pokazala kot učinkovita pri odstranjevanju organskih snovi in ni vplivala na uničenje, degradacijo ali kakršnekoli spremembe na polimerih. Učinkovitost oljne ekstrakcije MP iz odvečnega blata je bila odvisna od več dejavnikov, med drugim od vrste, velikosti in koncentracije MP. Učinkovitost MP je bila višja pri višji dodani koncentraciji in je bila višja za večje delce (1–5 mm). Metoda se je izkazala za manj učinkovito pri določenih vrstah in oblikah MP (PVC pelet in PA mikrokroglice). S kolonskim eksperimentom smo preverili, kako različni dejavniki (vrsta in oblika MP, količina padavin idr.) vplivajo na proces migracije MP. Iz rezultatov je razvidno, da so v globino najdlje migrirali manjši delci (< 1 mm). Pri večji intenzivnosti padavin je MP migrirala globlje kot pri manjši intenzivnosti padavin. Zaključimo lahko, da imajo intenziteta padavin, vrsta tal ter vrsta, velikost, gostota in oblika MP bistven vpliv na migriranje in porazdelitev MP v tleh.
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Fate of microplastics in a centralized biogas plant treating mainly sewage sludge
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Researchers tracked the fate of microplastics through a centralized biogas plant treating sewage sludge, examining how anaerobic digestion and subsequent dewatering partition microplastics between solid and liquid digestate fractions. The study informs efforts to develop safer digestate-based recycled fertilizers that minimize microplastic introduction to agricultural soils, where 20-55% of microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants are estimated to end up in sludge.
How does presence of microplastics impact biogas production?
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This study investigated whether microplastics in sewage sludge inhibit the anaerobic digestion process used to break down organic matter and produce biogas at wastewater treatment plants. Understanding whether plastic particles slow biogas production is important both for wastewater treatment efficiency and for assessing the risks of processing sludge that contains microplastics.
A method for the characterisation of microplastics in sludge
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Researchers developed a method for detecting and characterizing microplastics in sewage sludge, which concentrates the majority of microplastics removed during wastewater treatment. This method is important because sludge is widely spread on agricultural land, making it a key pathway for microplastics entering soils.
Characterization of Microplastics in Natural and Wastewater, and Their Influence and Removal in Biological Treatment Processes
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Scientists studied how tiny plastic particles called microplastics move through wastewater treatment plants and found that most of them end up trapped in the leftover sludge rather than in the treated water. This matters because that sludge is often used as fertilizer on farmland, meaning these plastics could be entering our soil, crops, and potentially our food supply. The researchers also developed better methods for detecting microplastics in messy samples like sludge, which is an important step toward understanding just how widespread this contamination really is.
[Microplastics in wastewater treatment: current status and future trends].
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This review summarizes current research on microplastic occurrence, removal, and fate in wastewater treatment plants, noting that while plants capture most microplastics in activated sludge, significant numbers still escape into effluent. The sludge itself then becomes a major pathway for microplastics to enter agricultural soils when applied as fertilizer. Future treatment improvements and sludge management policies are needed to reduce these release pathways.
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