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Unlocking the performance of anammox-coupled technologies for sustainable treatment of nitrogenous wastewater
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This review pulls together research on treating wastewater loaded with excess nitrogen (from farms, factories, and sewage), which can pollute drinking water and harm public health if not removed. It highlights a promising, eco-friendly bacterial process called "anammox" that removes nitrogen without heavy energy use or chemicals, but notes this process can be disrupted by contaminants like microplastics, heavy metals, and antibiotics that are increasingly common in wastewater. The paper explains how combining anammox with other treatment methods and additives can make nitrogen removal more reliable, which matters because cleaner wastewater treatment
Wastewater from industries, municipalities, or the agricultural sector contains huge amounts of nitrogenous substances, causing serious risks to the immediate locality and public health. Anammox technology is recognized as a preferred option for treating nitrogenous wastewater due to its sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In addition, this technique is characterized by the absence of organic carbon, lower sludge production, reduced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and high nitrogen removal efficiency. However, the efficacy of the wastewater treatment process is deterred by the presence of inhibitory pollutants, including microplastics, heavy metals, and antibiotics. Consequently, the coupling of anammox with other biological wastewater treatment processes, including partial nitrification (PN), partial denitrification (PD), simultaneous partial nitrification anammox and denitrification (SNAD), constructed wetlands (CWs), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), and microbial fuel cells (MFCs), offers an effective approach to sustainable and improved nitrogen removal from wastewater. The addition of biochar, zeolite, graphene, metal ions, and hydrazine in the culture medium promotes anammox bacterial growth and catalytic activity, as well as pollutant removal efficiency. Therefore, this review provides insights into various anammox-coupled biological technologies for the efficient treatment of nitrogenous wastewater and elucidates strategies to optimize anammox performance. Some challenges that impede anammox activity, along with their respective antidotes, are also highlighted.
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This review examines how microplastics and antibiotics together affect anammox bacteria, which are important for removing nitrogen from wastewater. Researchers found that combined exposure disrupts the bacteria through oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, and interference with key enzymes, often more severely than either pollutant alone. The study highlights that microplastic and antibiotic contamination in wastewater could undermine biological treatment processes.
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This review summarizes how microplastics affect anammox, a key biological process used in wastewater treatment to remove nitrogen. Microplastics disrupt the microbial communities that perform this process, reducing treatment efficiency depending on plastic concentration, size, and type. Since wastewater treatment is a critical barrier preventing pollutants from reaching drinking water sources, any reduction in treatment performance could increase human exposure to contaminants.
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This review compiles research on how various wastewater pollutants, including microplastics and emerging contaminants, inhibit anammox bacteria used for nitrogen removal in water treatment. Researchers found that pollutant type, concentration, and exposure duration all influence the degree of inhibition, potentially reducing treatment efficiency. The study highlights the importance of understanding pollutant interactions with biological treatment processes as new contaminants continue to appear in wastewater.
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