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Insights into combined stress mechanisms of microplastics and antibiotics on anammox: A critical review
Summary
This review examines how microplastics and antibiotics together affect anammox bacteria, which are important for removing nitrogen from wastewater. Researchers found that combined exposure disrupts the bacteria through oxidative stress, cell membrane damage, and interference with key enzymes, often more severely than either pollutant alone. The study highlights that microplastic and antibiotic contamination in wastewater could undermine biological treatment processes.
The microplastic and antibiotic pollution poses a major threat to human health and natural ecology. Wastewater treatment systems act as a link between human societies and natural ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics (ATs) in wastewater endanger the stabilization of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) system. However, most existing studies have primarily concentrated on the effects and stress mechanisms of either MPs-induced or ATs-induced stress on anammox. A comprehensive and holistic overview of the effects and underlying mechanisms of the combined stress exerted on anammox by both MPs and ATs is currently lacking. This review concludes the effects of MPs and ATs on anammox bacteria (AnAOB) and describes the mechanisms of the effects of these two emerging contaminants on AnAOB. Subsequently, the effects that the combined stress of MPs and ATs can have on the anammox system are reviewed. The adsorption of ATs by MPs, an indispensable mechanism affecting the combined stress, is explained. Additionally, the effect of MPs' aging on their ability to adsorb ATs is presented. Finally, this paper proposes to alleviate the combined stress of MPs and ATs by enriching biofilms and points out the risk of propagation of ARGs under the combined stress. This review sheds light on valuable insights into the combined stress of MPs and ATs on anammox and points out future research directions for this combined stress.
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