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Microplastic–Bacteria Interactions: Toxicity, Colonisation, Degradation and Prospects
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Tiny plastic particles (microplastics) that end up in water, soil, and even our gut don't just sit there, they interact with bacteria in ways that can be harmful or surprisingly helpful. This review pulls together existing research showing that microplastics can stress out healthy bacteria and help harmful germs (including drug-resistant ones) cluster and spread on their surfaces, but certain bacteria can also break the plastic down. Understanding this two-sided relationship matters because it could help scientists better predict health risks from microplastic pollution and develop bacteria-based methods to clean it up.
Microplastics (MPs) have established complex bidirectional interactions with bacteria, encompassing both mutualism and antagonism. This review advances a unified 'Stress-Habitat-Degradation' triangular model that systematically integrates three interconnected dimensions: (1) MPs-induced biotoxic stress on bacterial communities in water, soil, guts and plant tissues; (2) the plastisphere as a colonisation substrate that enriches pathogens and facilitates ARG spread; and (3) enzymatic biodegradation by functional taxa like Pseudomonas via specific enzymatic pathways. This framework explicitly links microbial community dynamics to functional outcomes, demonstrating that the same MPs-bacteria interplay simultaneously drives toxicity/pathogen enrichment and beneficial degradation. Environmental factors (temperature, oxygen, soil organic matter) profoundly shape these interactions by regulating gene expression and community succession. Crucially, we identify and resolve apparent contradictions-such as differential Gram-positive/Gram-negative responses and conflicting diversity trends-by attributing them to variations in polymer type, particle size, concentration, exposure time, host species and test conditions. Overall, this synthesis provides a critical integration of MPs-bacterial interactions and proposes a novel pollution control strategy centred on these interactions, redefining environmental risk assessment and bioremediation approaches.
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Bacteria–nanoplastic interactions: mechanisms, ecological consequences, and advances in biodegradation technologies
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Tiny plastic particles called nanoplastics (way smaller than microplastics) can mess with the helpful bacteria living in our environment and bodies, damaging their cells, disrupting normal function, and even helping harmful bacteria swap antibiotic-resistance genes. This review pulls together existing research to show how these plastic particles interact with bacterial communities, raising concerns about immune system effects and microbiome health, while also highlighting how scientists are working on bacteria that can break down plastic waste.
The Microplastic–biofilm–resistome Nexus: the Role of Environmental Microplastics in the Formation and Dissemination of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria and the Potential Consequences for Human Health
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Tiny plastic bits (microplastics) that end up in water and soil aren't just pollution, they can act like rafts where bacteria cluster together and swap genes that help them resist antibiotics. This review pulls together existing research suggesting these plastic "biofilms" could be a hidden pathway for drug-resistant germs to spread through the environment and potentially reach humans. While more research is needed to confirm real-world health risks, it's a reminder that plastic pollution and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance may be more connected than we think.
The Microplastic–biofilm–resistome Nexus: the Role of Environmental Microplastics in the Formation and Dissemination of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria and the Potential Consequences for Human Health
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Tiny plastic particles floating in water and soil aren't just pollution, they can act like rafts where bacteria cluster together and swap genes that help them resist antibiotics. This review pulls together existing research suggesting that these plastic-bacteria communities could be a hidden pathway for drug-resistant "superbugs" to spread through the environment and potentially reach humans. While more research is needed to confirm the real-world health risk, it's a reminder that plastic pollution may have ripple effects beyond what we can see.
Interaction between microplastics and microorganism as well as gut microbiota: A consideration on environmental animal and human health
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This review explores how microplastics interact with microorganisms in the environment and within the gut, examining implications for both animal and human health. Researchers found that microplastics can alter gut microbiota composition, promote the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and amplify the toxicity of other environmental pollutants. The study suggests that the interaction between microplastics and gut microorganisms is an important emerging area for understanding health risks.
Microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes as rising threats: Their interaction represents an urgent environmental concern
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This review examines how microplastics interact with antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment, creating a combined pollution threat. Microplastics can absorb antibiotics onto their surface and serve as platforms where bacteria exchange resistance genes. This interaction could accelerate the spread of antibiotic resistance, making infections harder to treat and posing a growing public health risk.
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