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Nanoplastic Pollution of Human Bronchoalveolar Lavage Probed Based on Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Summary
Scientists used a super-sensitive imaging technique to detect nanoplastics, plastic bits smaller than a human cell, in fluid taken from human lungs, finding roughly 50 billion tiny particles per liter, most of which were nanoplastics rather than the larger microplastics we usually hear about. This matters because it shows these ultra-small plastic fragments are already present deep in our airways, and this new detection method could help researchers better study how they might affect our health.
Raman spectroscopy is a commonly used label-free technique for the chemical analysis of microplastics (MPs), which are defined as plastic particles larger than 1 μm but smaller than 5 mm size; given its small signal strength and diffraction-limited spatial resolution, Raman spectroscopy has limited applicability in the study of nanoplastics (NPs), which are defined as particles smaller than 1 μm. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a promising technique that can overcome these limitations by using a single plasmonic tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to enhance the Raman signal from a small sample volume. Here we used TERS for the analysis of NPs in human bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. We developed a sub-sampling procedure for nanoscale TERS imaging on an SiO2/Si substrate and performed control experiments. We investigated the experimental coffee-ring effect on the spatial distribution of NPs on the substrate. We compared the results of TERS imaging with the conventional confocal Raman microscopy and observed the presence of similar types of plastic, pigments, and mineral particles, revealing the origin of NPs from the corresponding MPs. The total nanoparticle density observed in BAL using TERS was ~50 billion particles per liter, most of which were NPs. Our TERS approach may be extended to other types of human fluids and tissue samples to provide insights into the health effects of NPs.