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Assessing the Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics in the Freshwater Leech Erpobdella johanssoni (Annelida, Hirudinida) Through Integrated Biomarkers and Histopathological Analysis
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Researchers exposed freshwater leeches to polyethylene microplastics at concentrations found in the environment and observed signs of oxidative damage and tissue injury even at the lowest doses tested. The leeches showed increased levels of stress-related enzymes and structural damage to muscle, reproductive, and body wall tissues in a dose-dependent manner. The study suggests that microplastic pollution may be harming freshwater invertebrates more broadly than previously recognized.
Microplastics (MPs) are contaminants of emerging concern, and the study of their effects on several species, especially freshwater organisms, has not been exhausted. Erpobdella johanssoni, a freshwater leech, was used as a model in this study for the assessment of the potentially toxic effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) 40-48 µm in size under controlled laboratory conditions. PE-MP toxicity was assessed in the examined leech using four increasing concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L) during an exposure period of 7 days. Oxidative damage was detected through the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reflecting the occurrence of lipid peroxidation. The activities of enzymes involved in the antioxidant response, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), increased. Furthermore, the histopathology of the body wall, muscle cells, botryoidal cells, and ovaries was assessed to understand and evaluate the acute toxicity of PE-MPs. The histopathological changes detected in PE-MP-treated leeches varied in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, this research indicated that even at environmentally relevant concentrations, PE-MPs had biological effects on the studied leeches and, consequently, on the freshwater invertebrate clade. This finding could provide novel insights into the effects of plastic pollution on freshwater ecosystems, particularly on invertebrate health and biodiversity.
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