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Polyhydroxyalkanoates as multifaceted biopolymers: an eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastics.
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Plastic pollution and the microplastics it creates are a growing health concern, but this review paper looks at a promising fix: plastics made by bacteria instead of fossil fuels, called PHAs, which naturally break down without leaving lasting waste. The researchers summarize existing studies on how to grow and produce these bacteria-made plastics more efficiently and affordably, since high costs are still the main reason they haven't replaced regular plastic on store shelves. While PHAs aren't widely available yet, this research maps out what's needed to make them a real, scalable alternative that could reduce our exposure to plastic waste in the environment
Plastic pollution originating from fossil-based materials persists as a critical environmental concern due to their resistance to degradation, as well as their role in the build-up of microplastics and the release of greenhouse gases across waste-management processes. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are considered effective, biodegradable and bio-based alternatives. However, financial and process constraints limit the industrial-scale use of PHAs despite considerable investigations. Several bacteria can synthesise PHAs using different substrates and store them as granules under nutrient-limited conditions. Bacterial species such as , , and have been used to produce PHAs. This study provides an analytical and comprehensive evaluation of PHAs as multifaceted biopolymers, evaluating existing developments and highlighting major constraints. This review evaluates comparatively different feedstocks for microbial production and optimisation approaches, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations. It further evaluates developments in metabolic engineering, including CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing systems, bridge recombination, and synthetic biological engineering, which aim to increase yield and modify monomer characteristics. Moreover, it evaluates downstream processing techniques, such as chemical, enzymatic, mechanical and biological extraction methods, emphasising their sustainability and scalability. Significantly, this review highlights key barriers to the large-scale production of PHA, such as high manufacturing costs, variation in raw materials, and operational limitations while suggesting a strategic pathway for future research. Finally, this paper offers an integrated viewpoint that connects the production, properties, and applications of PHAs, providing the understanding necessary to enhance their relevance as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics.
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Microbial PolyHydroxyAlkanoate (PHA) Biopolymers—Intrinsically Natural
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This review makes the case for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), naturally produced bioplastics made by bacteria, as a solution to fossil plastic pollution. Unlike conventional plastics that break down into persistent microplastics, PHAs are fully biodegradable in soil, water, and marine environments. Widespread adoption of PHAs could help reduce the growing burden of microplastic contamination that threatens ecosystems and human health.
A Review on Biological Synthesis of the Biodegradable Polymers Polyhydroxyalkanoates and the Development of Multiple Applications
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This review covers the biological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of biodegradable bioplastics that bacteria naturally produce from waste carbon sources. Researchers found that these biopolymers have properties similar to conventional plastics like polypropylene but can fully biodegrade, making them a promising alternative to petroleum-based plastics. The study emphasizes that scaling up production and establishing proper end-of-life management are critical steps for PHAs to compete with conventional plastics and help reduce microplastic pollution.
PHA, the Greenest Plastic So Far: Advancing Microbial Synthesis, Recovery, and Sustainable Applications for Circularity
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This review examines polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a family of biodegradable plastics made by bacteria that could replace conventional petroleum-based plastics. Switching to PHAs could significantly reduce microplastic pollution because unlike traditional plastics, these materials fully break down in the environment rather than fragmenting into persistent microplastic particles.
Bacterial Production of Hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
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This review examines bacterial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as a biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based plastics, covering fermentation processes, scaling to industrial levels, and future trends, while noting that higher production costs currently prevent PHAs from competing commercially with conventional plastics.
Beyond Intracellular Accumulation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Chiral Hydroxyalkanoic Acids and Polymer Secretion
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This review covers polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), biodegradable plastics produced by bacteria, which have potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Despite their versatility, PHAs remain expensive to produce at scale, limiting their commercial adoption.
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