Reducing microplastic pollution by replacing plastic items with edible vegetable-based products: A review

Microplastic pollution has emerged as one of the most serious environmental threats of the twenty-first century. Single-use plastic products such as straws, cups, spoons, plates, and packaging materials contribute significantly to the generation of microplastics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These particles persist for decades and enter the food chain, posing risks to human health, marine organisms, and biodiversity. In recent years, edible and biodegradable products derived from vegetable and agricultural resources have gained attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. Vegetable-based edible products prepared from starch, cellulose, seaweed polysaccharides, fruit and vegetable waste, cereal flours, and plant proteins provide eco-friendly solutions that can reduce dependency on petroleum-derived plastics. The present review discusses the sources and impacts of microplastic pollution, the limitations of existing biodegradable plastics, and the growing importance of edible vegetable-based products such as edible straws, spoons, cups, and films. The review also highlights the utilization of agricultural and vegetable waste for the production of edible biopolymers and packaging materials The review concludes that edible vegetable-based products have significant potential to minimize microplastic generation, promote circular bioeconomy, and support sustainable development goals. However, large-scale commercialization, cost reduction, shelf-life improvement, and supportive policy frameworks are necessary for wider adoption.