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Occurrence and Environmental Risks of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Environment
Summary
This review pulls together research on chemical pollutants — including microplastics, "forever chemicals" (PFASs), pesticides, and flame retardants — that are building up in our rivers, lakes, and oceans, often causing nerve damage, immune problems, and cellular stress in fish and other aquatic life. The bigger concern: these pollutants rarely appear alone, so scientists are pushing for better testing that looks at how chemical mixtures accumulate in tissue over time, not just how much is in the water — a shift that could lead to smarter safety standards protecting both ecosystems and the people who rely on them for food and water.
This Reprint unravels the complex dynamics of organic pollutants in aquatic environmental systems. From polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to microplastics, pesticides, and emerging contaminants like organophosphate flame retardants and disinfection byproducts, this collection offers a comprehensive examination of the pollutants shaping todays aquatic ecosystems. Through advanced methodologies, this Reprint illuminates the environmental behaviors, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicological effects of both legacy and emerging contaminants. Its key findings reveal neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, while highlighting the pressing need for integrated risk assessment frameworks. Real-world investigations demonstrate how human activities influence pollutant distribution, ecological shifts, and contaminant interactions. Notably, the research advocates for a paradigm shift from single-pollutant to mixture assessments, from external exposure to internal tissue residue-based criteria, and from traditional water quality standards to more precise, ecologically relevant benchmarks. This Reprint not only deepens our understanding of organic pollutant dynamics but also provides vital scientific support for refining water quality criteria, advancing monitoring technologies, and guiding sustainable watershed management. It is essential reading for environmental scientists, policymakers, and water resource managers striving to protect aquatic life and human health in an era of rapid industrialization and urbanization.