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Multispecies toxicity evaluation of extractable chemicals from commercial biodegradable plastic products
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"Biodegradable" plastics are often marketed as the safer, eco-friendly alternative to regular plastic, but this study found that chemicals leaching from 12 popular biodegradable plastic products can harm plants, marine life, bacteria, and even human skin and liver cells in lab tests. One additive chemical turned out to be even more damaging to human cells than a regulated phthalate (a chemical already known to be harmful) commonly found in conventional plastics. The takeaway: just because a plastic breaks down doesn't mean it's safe—the chemical additives used to make these products may pose their own health risks that need closer test
Biodegradable plastics (BDPs) have been developed as potential solutions to plastic pollution under the premise that they could reduce environmental accumulation when compared with conventional non-degradable plastics. However, the ecotoxicological risks associated with extractable chemicals, including additives and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), used to optimize material performance remain poorly understood. The present study conducted an integrated evaluation of the chemical composition and multispecies toxicity of extractable chemical mixtures from 12 commercial polylactic acid- and polybutylene adipate terephthalate-based products using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Chemical analyses using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry identified regulated additives such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and triphenyl phosphate, in addition to NIAS. Multispecies bioassays demonstrated that plastic extracts induced significant toxicity across diverse taxonomic groups, including root growth inhibition in Raphanus sativus, mortality in marine copepods (Tigriopus japonicus), membrane damage in soil bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), and decreased cell viability in human-derived cell lines (HaCaT and HepG2). By integrating the multispecies toxicological data, Principal Component Analysis identified key chemical constituents correlated with the observed toxic responses. Subsequent single-substance toxicity assays revealed that a specific additive induced more potent reactive oxygen species generation and lactate dehydrogenase leakage in human cells than DBP, a regulated phthalate. Despite the intended environmental benefits of BDPs, the present study highlights potential hazards posed by extractable compounds present at commercial levels. The findings of the present study underscore that safety evaluations of BDPs should consider additive-based mixture toxicity in addition to polymer degradability.
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Researchers tested the toxicity of chemicals leaching from biodegradable plastics — including polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBv) — on five marine species, finding that PHBv leachates were up to 10 times more toxic than conventional polypropylene. The results show that labeling a plastic as "biodegradable" does not guarantee it is safe for marine ecosystems.
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This review finds that so-called biodegradable plastics may actually be more harmful than conventional plastics in some ways, since they break down into micro- and nanoplastics faster and can release toxic additives more readily. The findings challenge the assumption that biodegradable plastics are a safe alternative and suggest they may pose similar or even greater risks to ecosystems and, potentially, human health.
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This review examines whether "eco-friendly" biodegradable and bio-based plastics are truly safer than conventional plastics when they break down into microplastics. The findings show that many biodegradable plastics, including popular types like PLA and PBAT, can still cause harm to plants and aquatic organisms, suggesting that simply switching to biodegradable materials does not eliminate microplastic risks.
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