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Polystyrene Microplastics and Lead Co-Exposure Disturbed Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice
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Scientists exposed mice to both microplastics and lead—two pollutants we regularly encounter through food, water, and soil—and found that together they disrupted how the liver processes fats, with male mice showing the strongest effects. This matters because most safety research looks at these pollutants one at a time, but in real life we're exposed to mixtures, and this study suggests those combinations could throw off liver function in ways we don't yet fully understand. More research is needed to know if the same holds true for humans, but it's a signal that pollutant "cocktails" deserve more attention.
Background: Microplastics and lead are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, frequently found in soil, water and food. Although the toxicity of individual exposure to microplastics and lead has been well studied, research on their co-exposure effects is still emerging. Methods: In this study, we investigated the impacts of polystyrene microplastics and lead co-exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism through transcriptomics and untargeted lipidomics profiling in C57BL/6 mice. Results: Gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptomics data revealed the fatty acid metabolism was significantly disrupted by the co-exposure in male mice. Consistently, pathway analysis of lipidomics data showed that several fatty acid pathways were activated by the co-exposure in male mice, including fatty acid (20:1) → fatty acid (22:1) → fatty acid (24:1), fatty acid (20:0) → fatty acid (22:0) → fatty acid (24:0), fatty acid (18:1) → fatty acid (18:2) → fatty acid (20:2), fatty acid (18:1) → fatty acid (18:2) → fatty acid (18:3) → fatty acid (18:4); meanwhile, fatty acid (18:4) → fatty acid (20:4) → fatty acid (22:4), fatty acid (18:4) → fatty acid (20:4) → fatty acid (20:5) were suppressed. Transition from diacylglycerol to phosphatidylethanolamine and from phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine were activated by the co-exposure in male mice; meanwhile transition from phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine was activated in female mice. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that hepatic lipid metabolism was disturbed by the co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics and lead, which provide insights into the combined exposure risks of microplastics and heavy metals.
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This study examined what happens when mice are exposed to both polystyrene microplastics and PFBS (a type of "forever chemical") at the same time. The combination caused significantly worse liver damage than either pollutant alone, disrupting fat metabolism and triggering gut bacteria imbalances that further harmed the liver through the gut-liver connection. These findings are concerning because microplastics can absorb PFAS chemicals in the environment, meaning people may often be exposed to both together.
Study on the reproductive toxicity of co-exposure to lead and microplastics at environmental concentrations in zebrafish
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Scientists exposed zebrafish to lead and microplastics together, at levels similar to what's found in polluted environments, and found the combination harmed fertility and reproductive health more than either pollutant alone—damaging hormone balance, causing cell stress, and even affecting the health of offspring. Interestingly, the damage played out differently in males (affecting fat metabolism and cell death pathways) versus females (affecting amino acid processing), suggesting these two very common pollutants may pose sex-specific risks to reproductive health that single-pollutant studies could miss.
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