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Evaluation of the potential toxicity of microplastics released from soft beverages packaging under different storage conditions

Food and Chemical Toxicology 2026
Weirui Fang, Dandan Wang, Xiaoyuan Ma, Jing Wu, Kunlin Liu, Mingrui Chen, KangJu Lee, Yaowen Liu

Summary

Storing soda and cola in plastic bottles under sunlight (like in a hot car or on a sunny shelf) causes way more tiny plastic particles to leach into your drink compared to keeping them cool and shaded—cola exposed to UV light released the most. In lab tests, these plastic particles damaged human gut cells and caused stress and higher death rates in zebrafish embryos, suggesting they could harm health if consumed regularly. The takeaway: keep your bottled beverages out of direct sunlight and heat to reduce your exposure to these particles.

Study Type In vivo

Microplastics (MPs), as an emerging pollutant, have drawn much attention due to the possibility that they may be released from certain food packaging and pose potential risks to human health. This study systematically investigated the effects of three storage temperature, mechanical agitation, and light exposure on the release behavior of MPs from commercially soft beverages (soda water, cola, and mineral water), and assessed their toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Light exposure was identified as the most critical factor promoting MP release, with the highest abundance reaching 92.79 ± 7.53 μg/g in cola after UV-A treatment, which significantly altered the surface functional groups of the bottles, enhancing CO groups. Toxicological assessments demonstrated that the MPs isolated from the beverages induced concentration-dependent toxic effects, with MPs released under UV-A treatment reducing Caco-2 cell viability to 58.39 ± 3.99% at 200 μg/mL, and significantly triggering apoptosis and oxidative stress. MPs derived from cola exhibited stronger cytotoxicity compared to those from other beverages. Zebrafish embryo experiments confirmed that MPs led to increased mortality and an imbalance in oxidative stress levels (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased glutathione (GSH)). Although the zebrafish larvae showed some elimination capacity, MPs remained detectable after the clearance period.

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