Author response for "Microbiota-gut-brain axis damage in grass carp induced by nanoplastics and cadmium exposure: from cell injury to systemic response"

Nanoplastics, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration

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Nanoplastics ingested via contaminated food and water can cross biological barriers and accumulate in gut tissue, where they disrupt the gut microbiota and may trigger neuroinflammatory pathways linked to neurodegenerative disease. This gut-brain axis disruption represents one of the most concerning potential mechanisms by which chronic nanoplastic exposure could harm human health.

Oxidative damage and intestinal microbial imbalance induced by polystyrene microplastics and cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Impact of Micro-nanoplastics on Gut and Immune Function

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This review examined how micro- and nanoplastics disrupt gut microbiota and immune function across aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, with implications for human health. Because the gut microbiome governs immune regulation and metabolic health, microplastic-induced dysbiosis represents a plausible mechanism by which plastic ingestion could drive systemic inflammation and disease beyond the GI tract.