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Understanding the Impact of Different Nucleation Strategies on Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) Terephthalate Crystallization from a Glycolysis Reaction Mixture

Crystals 2026
Lukas Seppelfricke, Henning Loos, Leonard Sander, Louisa-Marie Möller, Kerstin Wohlgemuth

Summary

This study looked at better ways to recycle plastic bottles (PET) by breaking them down chemically and recovering a key building-block chemical, which could then be used to make new plastic instead of relying on virgin fossil fuels. Researchers found that controlling how crystals form during this recycling process helps make the process more predictable, but it also creates a tricky side effect—smaller, harder-to-filter crystals—showing that engineers still need to fine-tune the process before it can be used at a large scale. This matters because more effective plastic recycling could mean less plastic waste ending up in landfills, oceans, and eventually breaking down into micro

Polymers

The recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is gaining increasing importance, as it enables the conversion of plastic waste into valuable raw materials and contributes to a circular economy. Recent research has primarily focused on optimizing the depolymerization step of PET glycolysis, while downstream processes often overlook what are at least equally critical downstream steps in recovering the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The implementation of a water-free PET glycolysis process eliminates challenges related to internal solvent and homogeneous catalyst recycling that commonly occur in conventional processes. This study, therefore, focuses on BHET crystallization and filtration as key downstream unit operations. Two nucleation strategies, gassing and seeding, were investigated and compared with experiments without a nucleation strategy. The aim was to achieve reproducible process control during crystallization and to obtain crystals with good filterability, which can be critical for subsequent steps in the product purification process. Experiments without a nucleation strategy showed poor reproducibility. In contrast, gassing and seeding improved crystallization control, particularly regarding nucleation temperature and relative crystallization yield. However, these strategies also resulted in significantly prolonged filtration times due to differences in filter cake properties. The anisotropic crystals exhibited a broad particle size distribution with a high fraction of fine particles, leading to small and heterogeneous pores in the filter cake. Limited crystal growth was identified as the main cause of the unfavorable filtration behavior.

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