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Phthalate esters and microplastics in sediments of Haomeiliao Wetland, Southwestern Taiwan: Occurrence, spatial distribution, and management implications

Marine Pollution Bulletin 2026
Aila Marie Bandola, Ming-Huang Wang, Bo-Fu Guo, Kristopher Ray S. Pamintuan, C T Chen, Cheng-Di Dong

Summary

Scientists testing sediment from a Taiwan wetland found both microplastics and phthalates (chemicals used to make plastic flexible, linked to hormone disruption) — but surprisingly, the two didn't show up together in the same spots. This suggests the plastic bits aren't the main way these chemicals are getting into the environment, meaning cleanup efforts may need to target other pollution sources, like industrial or agricultural runoff, rather than just plastic waste. This matters because phthalates can work their way up the food chain into fish and eventually onto our plates, so knowing where they actually come from helps target the real problem.

Polymers
Study Type Environmental

Phthalate esters (PAEs) and microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants in aquatic environments. However, their co-occurrence in wetland sediments remains poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify PAE concentrations and MP abundance in Haomeiliao Wetland and comprehensively assess their spatial distribution and potential correlations. A total of 14 sediment samples were collected across the study area. MPs were characterized and analyzed using a stereomicroscope and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (μFTIR), respectively. While PAEs were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total PAE concentrations varied from 287.9 ± 161.2 ng/g to 1688.8 ± 610.9 ng/g, with DiNP and DiDP being the primary contributors to the total PAE load. The abundance of MP ranged from 30 to 390 MPs/kg, predominantly composed of polypropylene (PP; 51%) and polyester (PES; 22%) polymers. Despite MPs being known carriers of hydrophobic contaminants, no significant correlation was observed between MP abundance and the total PAE concentration. This suggests that MP-associated PAE transport is not a major contributor to sediment PAE levels, and may have originated from other predominant sources. These findings provide crucial baseline data for pollution mitigation in wetland ecosystems.

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