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Microplastic pollution in the Adriatic Sea with an emphasis on Montenegro: Distribution, sources, methods, biota, policy, and implications
Summary
This review pulls together existing research showing that the Adriatic Sea, especially around Montenegro, has widespread microplastic pollution in its water, sediment, and marine life like mussels—largely from common plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. This matters because these tiny plastic particles can move up the food chain into the seafood people eat, but the researchers note we still lack consistent, long-term monitoring data needed to fully understand the risks to seafood safety and coastal communities that depend on fishing and tourism.
The Adriatic Sea is recognized as a preferential accumulation zone for plastic debris within the Mediterranean. Microplastics have been detected in surface waters, sediments, and biota, with pronounced spatial and temporal variability linked to hydrodynamics, riverine inputs, and seasonality. This review synthesizes current evidence on microplastic distribution, composition, sources, and drivers across the Adriatic Sea, with particular emphasis on Montenegro, where sediment and mussel studies reveal widespread contamination dominated by polyethylene and polypropylene. Montenegrin coastal sediments contain on average 300–600 microplastic particles kg-1 dry sediment, with highest concentrations in enclosed areas such as Boka Kotorska Bay. While the Marine Strategy Framework Directive provides the policy scaffold for monitoring and management, methodological heterogeneity across studies and critical data gaps, particularly the scarcity of seasonal sea-surface microplastic data along the Eastern Adriatic, currently limit regional comparability and long-term trend assessment. Priority needs for Montenegro and the wider Adriatic include harmonized surface-water monitoring, integration of hydrodynamic context, and stakeholder-relevant assessments linking ecological indicators to aquaculture, tourism, and seafood safety.