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Human Exposure to Nanoplastics and Its Toxicological and Environmental Implications
Summary
Tiny plastic particles called nanoplastics are everywhere—in our water, air, and food—and this review pulls together existing research on how they get into our bodies (through eating, breathing, or even skin contact) and spread to different organs. The science suggests these particles may trigger cell damage, inflammation, hormone disruption, and other harmful effects, though researchers note it's still hard to measure exact exposure levels and long-term risks. The takeaway: nanoplastic pollution is a growing health concern worth watching, but scientists still need better tools to figure out exactly how much harm it's causing.
This chapter per the authors investigates human exposure to nanoplastics and toxicodynamic responses arising from environmental persistence, biological translocation, and cross-interface exposure pathways within a One Health framework. Environmental formation and degradation processes are evaluated alongside transport across aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial matrices leading to ingestion, inhalation, dermal uptake, and systemic distribution. Mechanistic injury pathways are analyzed, including oxidative stress, inflammatory cascades, endocrine disruption, epithelial barrier impairment, and genotoxic effects across multiple organ systems. The chapter further addresses biomonitoring strategies, exposure quantification constraints, and limitations in long-term assessment within analytical standardization frameworks. By integrating exposure science with mechanistic toxicology and computational analytics, the chapter provides a structured perspective for interpreting nanoplastic-associated health risks across interconnected ecological and physiological systems.