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Decoding surface chemistry effects on polystyrene nanoplastic fouling in plasma-grafted PES membranes with distinct functional groups
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Scientists engineered a water-filtration membrane with a special "zwitterionic" coating (a material that attracts a protective water layer) that filters out over 95% of nanoplastics—tiny plastic particles too small to see—while resisting clogging far better than standard filters. This matters because nanoplastics are increasingly found in drinking water and have raised health concerns, so better filter designs like this could lead to more effective, longer-lasting water treatment systems that keep these particles out of our water supply.
Nanoplastic (NP) fouling remains a key challenge for ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, yet systematic, controlled comparisons of how membrane functional groups govern NP-membrane interactions are still limited. Here, the role of membrane surface chemistry was systematically investigated using a controlled comparative framework based on plasma-grafted polyethersulfone (PES) UF membranes tailored with structurally comparable methacrylate monomers bearing distinct terminal functionalities, including mono-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate (MMES, -COOH), N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide (DMAPMA, -N(CH 3 ) 2 ), and [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (SBMA, zwitterionic). Comprehensive characterisations supported successful surface grafting while preserving the membrane substructure. Fouling and separation were assessed using polystyrene (PS) NPs having different surface chemistries, i.e., PS, PS-COOH and PS-NH 2 , revealing strong charge- and hydration-dependent behaviours. The SBMA-g-PES membrane exhibited the best overall performance, achieving NP rejection above 95%, a high pure water flux of 142 LMH, and a flux recovery ratio of 95%, compared with 137 LMH and 58% flux recovery for the neat PES membrane. This enhancement was attributed to a dense hydration layer and smoother surface morphology. Beyond SBMA, the MMES-g-PES membrane showed strong resistance to negatively charged PS-COOH fouling, whereas DMAPMA-g-PES most effectively mitigated fouling by positively charged PS-NH 2 , highlighting clear structure-function correlations. Multi-stage Hermia modelling showed that surface modification suppressed early-stage pore-blocking and substantially slowed subsequent cake-layer growth, with SBMA-g-PES exhibiting the lowest long-term cake-filtration constants, approximately 36-48 times lower than neat PES across the tested NP types. This study provides mechanistic insights into charge-driven NP-membrane interactions and informs the design of antifouling UF membranes for organic contaminant removal.
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Scientists engineered a new type of water filter membrane that resists clogging from nanoplastics, tiny plastic particles too small to see that are increasingly found in drinking water. By coating the filter with a special material that switches its electrical charge depending on water conditions, they created a self-cleaning surface that blocked over 95% of nanoplastics while staying easier to rinse clean than standard filters. This matters because more effective, longer-lasting water filters could help reduce our exposure to nanoplastics, which scientists are still studying for potential health effects.
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Researchers developed a new type of forward osmosis membrane modified with zwitterionic metal-organic framework nanoparticles to resist fouling by microplastics. The modified membranes showed a 73 percent improvement in water-attracting properties and only a 17 percent decline in water flow during fouling tests, compared to 60 percent for unmodified membranes. The technology could improve the efficiency of water treatment systems that need to handle microplastic-contaminated water.
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Scientists have engineered a new water filter material that better resists clogging from microplastics, tiny plastic particles increasingly found in our water supplies. By adding special particle coatings to filtration membranes, the improved filters let water flow through more easily and stay cleaner for longer, with one version recovering 93% of its filtering power after use compared to just 55% for standard filters. This matters because more effective, longer-lasting water treatment technology could help remove microplastic pollution before it reaches our drinking water, though this research was done in lab conditions and hasn't yet been tested in real-world treatment plants.
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