Evaluating Plastic Waste Management in EU Accession Countries: A Life Cycle Perspective from the Republic of Serbia with Microplastic Implications

EU accession countries, including the Republic of Serbia, are under growing pressure to align their plastic waste management systems with EU environmental directives. De-spite this, significant challenges remain, including inadequate infrastructure, limited recycling capacity, and weak enforcement mechanisms. This study employs Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of polyethylene tereph-thalate (PET) packaging waste in Serbia, focusing on three end-of-life scenarios: land-filling, recycling, and incineration. Using GaBi software and the ReCiPe 2016 method-ology, results indicate that mismanaged PET waste contributes notably to terrestrial ecotoxicity (3.69 kg 1,4-DB eq.) and human toxicity (non-cancer) (2.36 kg 1,4-DB eq.). In 2023, 14,967.8 tons of PET were collected by authorized operators; however, unre-ported quantities likely end up in landfills or the natural environment. Beyond the quantified LCA results, this study highlights microplastic pollution as an emerging environmental concern. It advocates for the development of Serbia-specific characterization factors (CFs) for PET microplastics, incorporating localized fate, ex-posure, and effect data. Tailored CFs would enhance the precision of impact assess-ments for Serbian terrestrial ecosystems, contributing to more effective, evi-dence-based environmental policies. These insights are crucial for supporting Serbia’s transition to sustainable waste management and for meeting EU environmental standards.