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Systematic review of the state of the art of the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate

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Researchers systematically reviewed studies from 2016 to 2021 on microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of low-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, finding incremental but promising advances in isolating plastic-degrading organisms while noting that degradation rates remain far too slow for practical large-scale waste management.

Polymers
Body Systems
Study Type Review

Esta investigación se enfocó en presentar un panorama de las investigaciones que se han realizado a partir de 2016 hasta 2021 respecto a la biodegradación de polietileno y tereftalato de polietileno, debido a que esta se presenta como una alternativa sostenible para el manejo de estos residuos. Se ejecutó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica la cual permitió dar con 1394 resultados de los cuales se seleccionaron 62 que fueron categorizados de acuerdo con los materiales utilizados, pretratamientos, condiciones de cultivo, microorganismos y métodos de evaluación de la biodegradación. Se encontró que en la mayoría de estudios se efectuó la biodegradación sin pretratamiento, sin embargo, el pretratamiento más aplicado fue la fotooxidación, así mismo se ha estudiado el uso de surfactantes como pretratamiento y como coadyuvante en el medio de cultivo. Los microorganismos más estudiados fueron las bacterias, especialmente de los géneros Bacillus y Pseudomonas, respecto a los hongos, el género más estudiado fue el Aspegillus y se encontró poca investigación del uso de consorcios microbianos. Los métodos de evaluación de la biodegradación más aplicados fueron el microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM), la espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y la prueba por pérdida de masa. A partir del porcentaje de pérdida de masa se calculó la tasa de biodegradación la cual se usó como criterio de comparación de los resultados de los diferentes estudios.

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