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Biodegradación de polietileno de baja densidad en suelo con hongos del género Aspergillus sp.
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Researchers tested whether three Aspergillus fungal species could biodegrade low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic in soil over 30 and 60 days, finding that a consortium of all three species achieved up to 18.45% degradation of thinner LDPE samples within 60 days. These results suggest Aspergillus fungi hold biotechnological potential as a biological strategy to mitigate plastic pollution in soil environments.
Los plásticos constituyen uno de los principales problemas de contaminación ambiental por su manejo y disposición inadecuada, generando así amenazas e impactos negativos en el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la biodegradabilidad de polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE) con hongos del género Aspergillus sp., en suelo, durante dos periodos de tiempo (30 y 60 días) y dos calibres (0,45 mm y 0,90 mm). Las cepas usadas fueron Aspergillus níger, Aspergillus fumigatus y Aspergillus flavus, de manera individual y combinada, a una concentración de 1x107 esporas/mL, inoculando en macetas con 100 g de suelo estéril y muestras de LDPE de 4 cm2 y 25 cm2, según diseño experimental. Los resultados revelaron que la mayor degradación del LDPE se alcanzó con el calibre de 0,45 mm y una muestra de 25 cm2, cuando se empleó el consorcio de los tres hongos, obteniendo una tasa de degradación del 18,45 %, en comparación con la muestra de 4 cm2, la cual registró un valor de 16,10 % de degradación, ambas en 60 días. En el caso del calibre de 0,90 mm y una muestra de 25 cm2, el mismo consorcio de A. niger + A. fumigatus + A. flavus demostró la máxima degradación con un valor del 0,34 % en 60 días. Por lo anterior, los hongos del género Aspergillus sp. muestran un potencial para degradar plásticos en suelo, y son una alternativa biotecnológica que puede contrarrestar el efecto medioambiental producido por el inadecuado manejo de los residuos plásticos.
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