Review Article: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Pollution on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health in the Anthropocene

The Anthropocene epoch, characterized by accelerated industrial growth and intensified human activities, has led to widespread environmental contamination, significantly endangering biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. This review delves into key pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and microplastics, examining their origins, biological impacts, and ecological repercussions. Toxic elements like mercury and lead tend to accumulate through food chains, resulting in physiological impairments and neurological issues in various wildlife species. The use of pesticides and agrochemicals interferes with hormonal systems and reproductive functions, especially affecting pollinators and aquatic fauna. Residual pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics and hormonal agents, disrupt microbial ecosystems and contribute to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, microplastics and engineered nanoparticles infiltrate aquatic environments, where they are ingested by marine and freshwater organisms, causing cellular damage and toxic responses. The degradation of biodiversity caused by pollution leads to the breakdown of food chains, habitat loss, and reduced ecological resilience. Modern advancements in biomonitoring—such as molecular-level biomarkers, bioindicator species, and satellite-based sensing—are proving instrumental in identifying and assessing ecotoxicological hazards. To counter these threats, the adoption of sustainable solutions like green chemistry, bioremediation techniques, and policy reforms is crucial. This review highlights the pressing need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategies to limit pollutant exposure and uphold ecosystem health in the Anthropocene. Future directions should prioritize cutting-edge remediation technologies and robust regulatory systems to effectively manage and mitigate ecotoxicological risks.