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Advanced graphene-based nanotechnologies for remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and microplastics in water
Summary
This review examines how graphene-based nanomaterials can be used to remove both PFAS chemicals and microplastics from water through adsorption, membrane filtration, and photocatalytic degradation. Researchers found that while graphene materials show promising removal capabilities in lab settings due to their high surface area and tunable chemistry, challenges including aggregation, cost, and scalability remain barriers to real-world implementation.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and microplastics (MPs) are certain types of persistent plastic contaminants that are a cause of concern to both the ecosystems and human health. The nanotechnologies of graphene can be used to provide a new method of eliminating these pollutants in water. Traditional technologies often fail because they are costly, ineffective or lead to secondary pollution particularly at low levels. Alternatively, graphene materials including pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), composites, and functionalized materials have a high surface area, tunable chemistry and strong sorption and catalytic capabilities. The emerging 3D structures (i.e., hydrogels, sponges, and membranes) also use porosity to improve p-p, hydrophobic and electrostatic capture. Membrane-based separation, photocatalytic/oxidative degradation, and adsorption are important remediation processes. Under practical circumstances, performance is usually evaluated using adsorption capacity, kinetics, degradation efficiency, recyclability, and selectivity. However, practical implementation faces challenges such as aggregation, regeneration, toxicity, cost, and scalability. Surface functionalization, magnetic composites, photocatalyst integration, and multifunctional 3D designs are some of the strategies that are currently being reviewed. To go from laboratory to field applications, future research should concentrate on creating strong, multi-modal graphene composites that integrate adsorption, catalysis, and filtration while maintaining cost-effectiveness and ecological safety.