Unveiling coastal pollution: A multi-technology approach to micro and macro litter assessment for the environmental characterization of beaches

Plastic pollution is a significant environmental issue impacting the Mediterranean basin. Plastic debris, ranging from micro- to macro-plastics, is widespread in various marine environments, particularly along the coast. This study proposes an environmental characterization of the beach environment by utilizing innovative, low-impact, and replicable procedures to assess the densities and composition of microplastics (MPs) and beach litter (BL) at Capitolo Beach close to Monopoli (Bari, southern Italy). The area holds remarkable regional environmental and touristic value. Nevertheless, the environmental quality is influenced by the cyclonic Adriatic circulation pattern. The collected data enable the identification of litter accumulation hotspots, for which tailored management practices are needed. Samples analysis showed the presence of MPs with average values of 2167 MPs/kg (89% fibers), while from the visual screening observation, 80 BL items were detected (83% artificial polymers). Finally, the use of environmental indices allowed the classification of the beach as "very clean" according to the Clean Coast Index (CCI), though it exhibits a "very high" concentration of MPs, as indicated by the Microplastic Pollution Index (MPPI).