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Examining Air Pollutants as Influencing Factors of Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder
Summary
This review examines how air pollution—including ozone, particulate matter, and micro- and nanoplastics—may contribute to honey bee colony collapse disorder by weakening immune function. The authors recommend good agricultural, beekeeping, and veterinary practices as well as environmental remediation to address the multiple stressors threatening bee populations.
Colony collapse disorder refers to a set of symptoms manifested by the sudden disappearance of worker bees from the hive, the absence of dead bees in or in front of the hive, and the absence of predation, despite the presence of queen bee, covered brood and a large amount of food -honey and pollen.The causes of this syndrome have not yet been reliably determined, but it is considered that several factors are involved in its development.Today, bees are exposed to a large number of stress factors, due to which their immune system is so weakened that they become very sensitive to the effects of many harmful agents.Recently, environmental factors such as air pollution by ozone, PM particles, micro and nanoplastics have also attracted increasing attention.In order to prevent the occurrence of bee diseases, it is necessary to implement adequate measures, such as good agricultural practice, good beekeeping practice and good veterinary practice for the protection and remediation of the environment.