Microplastic toxicity in fish: A potential review on sources, impacts, and solution

Microplastics are a growing environmental concern, particularly in aquatic ecosystems and seafood safety. This review article explores the sources of microplastics in fish, their effects on fish health and behaviour, the potential risks to human health, and possible solutions. The primary sources of microplastics include the breakdown of larger plastic debris, wastewater discharge, industrial activities, landfills, and agricultural practices. Fish accumulate microplastics based on factors such as trophic level, habitat, and feeding behaviour, leading to physical damage, growth and feeding reductions, hormonal disruptions, and altered behaviours. Microplastics also pose risks through bioaccumulation and biomagnification, with potential toxic effects on fish populations, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Additionally, microplastics in seafood present food safety concerns for humans, especially regarding chemical leaching and the absorption of toxins. While efforts to reduce microplastic pollution, such as better waste management and biodegradable alternatives, are underway, challenges remain, including limited data, technology, and regulation. Proposed solutions to mitigate microplastics in fish involve reducing plastic waste, improving wastewater treatment, and promoting sustainable materials. This review highlights critical research gaps, especially regarding the long-term effects on fish and ecosystems, and calls for standardized research methods, global cooperation, and innovative approaches to tackle the growing issue of microplastic pollution.