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Bisphenol A and its replacement chemicals as endocrine disruptors and obesogens
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This review summarizes how bisphenol A (BPA) and its common replacements—BPS, BPF, BPAF, and TMBPF—act as endocrine disruptors that dysregulate hormone receptors and signaling pathways, promoting metabolic disorders and obesity through mechanisms that persist even in supposedly safer substitute chemicals.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common material widely used in the plastic production and processing industry. As BPA is an environmental endocrine disruptor that causes metabolic disorders, leading to the progression of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, its use has been banned in many countries. Chemicals such as bisphenol S, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF, and tetramethyl BPF have been used to replace BPA. Given the similar chemical structures of BPA and its replacement chemicals, previous studies have demonstrated the potential risks of endocrine disruption and obesity. This review aims to summarize the endocrine-disrupting effects and the underlying mechanisms of BPA and its replacement chemicals based on existing experimental and epidemiological studies and to investigate BPA and its replacement chemicals linked to endocrine disruption and obesity to provide better recommendations for the safe use of BPA and its replacement chemicals. • The adverse effects of BPA and its replacements, including BPS, BPF, BPAF, and TMBPF. • Endocrine disrupting effect of BPA via dysregulation of different receptors and signaling pathways. • Mechanisms of metabolic disorders and obesity caused by BPA exposure. • Mechanisms of metabolic disorders and obesity caused by BPS, BPF, BPAF, and TMBPF.
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This review synthesized evidence on bisphenol A (BPA) — a chemical used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins — covering its sources of human exposure, endocrine-disrupting mechanisms, and associations with metabolic, reproductive, and developmental health outcomes.
Bisphenols—A Threat to the Natural Environment
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This review examines the environmental and health threats posed by bisphenol A (BPA) and its replacements, bisphenol F and bisphenol S, which were introduced as safer alternatives. However, because these substitutes have similar chemical structures to BPA, they may pose comparable risks to human health and the environment, including hormone disruption. The study is relevant to microplastics research because bisphenols are common additives in plastics that can leach out as plastics break down into microparticles.
BPS and BPF are as Carcinogenic as BPA and are Not Viable Alternatives for its Replacement.
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This review presents evidence that BPS and BPF — chemicals used as 'BPA-free' replacements in plastics — have similar cancer-promoting and endocrine-disrupting properties to BPA itself. The substitution of one hormone-disrupting plastic chemical with nearly identical alternatives means consumers are not actually avoiding the health risks they are trying to escape.
Current Evidence on Bisphenol A Exposure and the Molecular Mechanism Involved in Related Pathological Conditions
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This review examines the molecular mechanisms by which bisphenol A (BPA), a common endocrine-disrupting chemical found in plastics, may contribute to various health conditions. Researchers analyzed BPA's effects on mesenchymal stem cells and fat cell development, as well as its uses in dental, orthopedic, and industrial applications. The study suggests that BPA exposure can alter multiple molecular pathways involved in immune, metabolic, and cellular processes.
Bisphenol A and its analogues: from their occurrence in foodstuffs marketed in Europe to improved monitoring strategies—a review of published literature from 2018 to 2023
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This review tracks the levels of bisphenol A (BPA) and similar hormone-disrupting chemicals in food and beverages across Europe from 2018 to 2024. While BPA remains the most commonly detected compound, its substitutes (like BPS and BPF) are increasingly found in food packaging and canned goods. These chemicals mimic estrogen in the body and have been linked to reproductive, metabolic, and developmental health concerns.
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