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Occurrence, Characteristics, and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Tap Water and Bottled Water, China
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This systematic review found microplastic contamination in both tap water and bottled water across China, with bottled water showing especially high levels — up to nearly 9,000 particles per liter for the smallest sizes. Fibers and fragments were the most common forms, and packaging degradation was a major contributor in bottled water. The findings raise practical concerns about microplastic exposure from the water we drink every day.
ABSTRACT Microplastic (MP) contamination in drinking water has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern, particularly in rapidly industrializing regions like China. This study synthesizes the occurrence, characteristics, and risks of MPs in tap water (TW) and bottled water (BW) across China, utilizing a systematic review of peer‐reviewed studies (2010–2024) and health risk modeling. Results reveal significant contamination variability: TW exhibits MP abundances ranging from 0.7 ± 0.6 p/L in rural areas to 1753 ± 693 p/L in urban surface water (SW), dominated by fibers (0.8%–97.8%) and fragments (48.1%–99.2%). In BW, the MPs reach alarming concentrations (8934 p/L for 1–50 µm particles), driven by packaging degradation, with cellulose anomalies (up to 68.3%) implicating non‐plastic contamination pathways. Conventional water treatment processes (e.g., coagulation‐sedimentation, membrane filtration) exhibit variable removal efficiencies (40%–99%), heavily dependent on particle size and polymer hydrophobicity. Infants face the highest estimated daily intake (5.85 MPs/kg/day), exceeding adults by 2–3 times, while ecological risk indices (53.41–289.8) highlight moderate‐to‐high threats in industrial zones. Methodological limitations, including nanoplastics (<1 µm) underdetection and inconsistent size classification, underscore the need for standardized protocols (e.g., ISO/TR 21960:2020) and advanced filtration technologies. This work advocates for policy reforms, infrastructure upgrades, and interdisciplinary research to mitigate MP exposure and safeguard drinking water quality.
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