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Detection and characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics in biological samples

Nature Reviews Bioengineering 2025 31 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
Jian Zhao, Ruyi Lan, Hongmei Tan, Jianjun Wang, Yurong Ma, Qiqing Chen, Fei Jiang, Zhenyu Wang, Baoshan Xing

Summary

Researchers reviewed current methods for detecting and characterizing microplastics and nanoplastics in biological samples, finding that most techniques are optimized for environmental media like water and perform poorly in complex biological matrices, and recommending improved workflows for digestion, separation, enrichment, and analysis of particles in organisms and human tissues.

Plastic pollution from microplastics (1 μm–5 mm) and nanoplastics (<1 μm) is an emerging global threat. These particles have been detected in water, soil, atmospheric samples and even in naturally sampled organisms and human tissues/organs with potential ecological and health risks. However, most detection techniques are better suited for microplastic and nanoplastic (MNP) identification in ideal media (such as water) and face limitations when analysing biological samples. This issue must be addressed because the minimum sizes of MNPs found in organisms are often larger than those detected in water. In this Review, we discuss current progress in the detection, identification and analysis of MNPs in naturally sampled organisms and the human body. Moreover, we provide recommendations for how to improve the workflows of detection and labelling of MNPs in biological samples. Despite microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) being identified in different organisms and humans, current detection and characterization techniques are mainly tailored for environmental samples. In this Review, the authors highlight strategies to improve workflows of digestion, separation, enrichment, detection and analysis of MNPs in biological samples, and discuss the presence of MNPs in the human body.

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