Biopolímeros: desarrollo e innovaciones en la ciencia de los materiales sostenibles

The improper handling of plastic waste has generated an environmental issue due to the high durability of these materials over time, leading to the accumulation of large volumes of waste. The global production of polymeric products, which have a negative environmental impact, has driven the search for alternatives and innovations in substitute materials that promote degradation over time while maintaining the polymeric structure and functionality of conventional materials. Consequently, the development of degradable biopolymers and bioplastics to replace synthetic materials derived from hydrocarbons has begun. This work addresses advancements in the production and application of biopolymers as alternatives to reduce the use of synthetic materials, exploring their conceptualization and various discussions surrounding biopolymers. These biologically derived macromolecules are noted for their ability to biodegrade under natural conditions, making them less harmful to the environment. The study also analyzes the main types of biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and polyesters produced by microorganisms, as well as their applications across different industries. Additionally, it explores the current state and perspectives on the manufacturing and application of biopolymers at both national and international levels, emphasizing the importance of adopting technologies that drive progress toward a circular economy. Through this research, the diversity of biopolymers has been conceptualized and classified, promoting the use of natural biological resources and the discovery of new raw material sources for the production of industrial products that support circularity.