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Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Fetal Weight: Exposure Monitoring Among Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Fetuses

Environmental Research Water 2025
Subeen Hong, Sae Kyung Choi, Jeong Ha Wie, Jae Eun Shin, Yun Sung Jo, Yeon Hee Kim, Byung Soo Kang, Oyoung Kim, S. Won, Hyo Jae Yoon, Hyeon Soo Kim, In Yang Park, Mihi Yang, Hyun Sun Ko

Summary

Researchers measured exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals — BPA, MEP, and PFOA — in mothers with gestational diabetes and their fetuses, finding that GDM-related dietary changes reduced fetal BPA transfer but that higher maternal BPA levels were still positively associated with fetal birthweight, indicating persistent metabolic vulnerability.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) requires lifestyle changes that may alter exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study aimed to assess maternal and fetal exposure to EDCs-including bisphenol-A (BPA), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-during the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate their association with fetal birthweight. Maternal urine (second and third trimester) and paired cord blood samples were analyzed from 58 GDM and 118 non-GDM pregnancies using UPLC-MS/MS. Significant correlations were found between maternal urine and cord blood levels of BPA and MEP. Cord blood BPA levels were significantly lower in GDM mothers (0.35 vs. 0.72 μg/L, p < 0.05), suggesting reduced exposure due to dietary interventions. However, maternal urinary BPA levels in GDM pregnancies were positively associated with fetal birthweight (β = 2.69, p < 0.05), indicating increased susceptibility to obesogenic effects. PFOA was present in all cord blood but only 41% of maternal urine samples. These findings underscore the dual impact of GDM-related lifestyle changes: reduced EDC transfer to the fetus, yet persistent metabolic vulnerability.

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