Optimization of Cassava Starch/Onion Peel Powder-Based Bi-oplastics: Influence of Composition on Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability Using Central Composite Design

Synthetic plastic pollution represents a major global concern, driving the search for sustainable and biode-gradable packaging alternatives. However, many biodegradable plastics suffer from inadequate mechanical performance. This study aimed to develop a biodegradable film based on cassava starch, incorporating onion peel powder (OPP), a byproduct rich in quercetin derivatives, as a reinforcing agent and plasticized with crude glycerol. A Central Composite Design (CCD), implemented using Minitab 19, was employed to investi-gate the effects of starch (60–80%) and OPP (0–40%) content on the mechanical properties and biodegradabil-ity of the resulting bioplastics. Three optimized formulations were identified according to specific performance criteria. The first formulation, containing 72.07% starch and 21.06% OPP, was optimized for maximum tensile strength while maintaining target values for elongation and biodegradability. The second, composed of 77.28% starch and 37.69% OPP, was optimized to enhance tensile strength and biodegradability while minimizing elongation. The third formulation, with 84.56% starch and 27.74% OPP, aimed to achieve a balanced optimiza-tion of tensile strength, elongation, and biodegradability. After a 30-day soil burial test, these formulations ex-hibited weight loss percentages of 31.86%, 29.12%, and 29.02%, respectively, confirming their biodegradability. The physico-chemical, mechanical, thermal, morphological, and colorimetric properties of the optimal formu-lations are currently being investigated in detail. These forthcoming results will provide valuable insights into the functional performance of cassava starch-based bioplastics for food packaging applications.