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Uptake of chemicals from tire wear particles into aquatic organisms - search for biomarkers of exposure in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)
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Researchers exposed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) to model tire and road wear particles (TRWP) for seven days, detecting 15 tire-related compounds and 37 transformation products, and identifying specific compounds (6-PPDQ, DTPD, PTPD) as potential biomarkers to distinguish TRWP exposure from exposure to individual tire-associated chemicals.
Little is known about the exposure of aquatic biota to tire and road wear particles (TRWP) washed away from roads. Mussels were exposed for 7 days to model TRWP (m-TRWP), produced by milling tire tread particles with pure sand, and analyzed for 21 tire-related compounds by liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Upon exposure to 0.5 g/L of m-TRWP, 15 compounds were determined from 944 μg/kg wet weight (diphenylguanidine, DPG) over 18 μg/kg for an oxidation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPDQ) to 0.6 μg/kg (4-hydroxydiphenyl amine). Transfer into mussels was highest for PTPD, DTPD and 6-PPDQ and orders of magnitude lower for 6-PPD. During 7 days depuration the concentration of all determined chemicals decreased to remaining concentrations between ~50 % (PTPD, DTPD) and 6 % (6-PPD). Suspect and non-target screening found 37 additional transformation products (TPs) of tire additives, many of which did not decrease in concentration during depuration, among them ten likely TPs of DPG, two of 6-PPD and PTPD and two of 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. A wide variety of chemicals is taken up by mussels upon exposure to m-TRWP and a wide range of TPs is formed, enabling the differentiation of biomarkers of exposure to TRWP and biomarkers of exposure to tire-associated chemicals.
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Researchers found that tire wear particles and the chemicals they release (leachates) significantly reduced the filtration rate of blue mussels, a key species in coastal ecosystems. Even the chemicals alone, without the physical particles, caused harm at relatively low concentrations. Since mussels are widely consumed as seafood and tire particles are one of the largest sources of microplastic pollution, these findings raise concerns about both ecosystem health and the safety of shellfish for human consumption.
Environmental impact of tire and road wear particle residue on gammarids and potential ecological consequences
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Researchers investigated the ecotoxicological effects of tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) on freshwater gammarids, finding toxicity from both physical particle effects and leachable compounds including 6PPD-quinone. Combined chemical and physical exposure produced greater harm than either alone, with implications for stormwater runoff management.
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Lab tests and road runoff samples were used to study chemicals released from tire wear particles, including how acidity and light affect their breakdown. Some chemicals leached more under acidic conditions, changed over time with light exposure, and several breakdown products were also found in road runoff alongside the original chemicals.
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Researchers exposed blue mussels to tire wear particle leachates for up to five weeks, finding that high concentrations caused 61% cumulative mortality, substantial zinc accumulation in tissues, gut microbiota dysbiosis including enrichment of potential pathogens, and a near-complete collapse of clearance rate that persisted even after depuration.
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