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Microplásticos y Salud Humana: Detección y Correlación con Marcadores de Disfunción Gastrointestinal y Endócrina

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Researchers conducted a systematic review of 17 studies (2019–2024) on microplastic detection in human tissues and their correlation with gastrointestinal and endocrine dysfunction, finding consistent associations with intestinal dysbiosis, increased epithelial permeability, inflammatory pathway activation, and hormonal disruption, though direct human evidence remains limited.

Introducción: La presencia de microplásticos (MPs) en el cuerpo humano ha sido documentada en diversos tejidos y fluidos biológicos como sangre, placenta, heces y pulmones [1,2]. Sin embargo, sus posibles efectos sobre la función gastrointestinal y endocrina continúan siendo motivo de debate científico [3,4]. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura reciente que evalúe la detección de MPs en humanos y su correlación con marcadores clínicos y moleculares de disfunción gastrointestinal y endócrina. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed, Scopus y Embase de artículos publicados entre 2019 y 2024. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales, experimentales y revisiones que abordaran la detección de MPs en humanos y sus posibles efectos sobre el sistema digestivo o endócrino. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante la herramienta GRADE y se aplicó el diagrama PRISMA para documentar el proceso de selección [5]. Resultados: Se identificaron 17 estudios relevantes. La mayoría reportó detección de MPs en heces [6], placenta [1], sangre [7] y tejidos intestinales [8]. En modelos animales y humanos, se observó disbiosis intestinal [9], aumento de la permeabilidad epitelial [10], activación de vías inflamatorias (ROS, TNF-α, IL-6) [11], y alteraciones hormonales como insulinorresistencia y disfunción tiroidea [12,13]. La evidencia directa en humanos es aún limitada, aunque consistente con los hallazgos preclínicos [14]. Conclusión: La exposición a microplásticos representa un riesgo emergente para la salud humana. Existe una correlación potencial con alteraciones gastrointestinales y endocrinas, aunque se requiere mayor estandarización en los métodos de detección y estudios longitudinales para establecer causalidad [15]. La vigilancia epidemiológica y el desarrollo de políticas preventivas son esenciales ante este nuevo desafío ambiental y sanitario.

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