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The Development of Global Governance for Marine Plastic Pollution: Bridging Legal Gaps to Address the Ocean Emergency?
Original title: Lo sviluppo della governance globale per l'inquinamento marino da plastica: colmare le lacune giuridiche per affrontare l'emergenza oceanica?
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This Italian-language doctoral thesis analyzed the evolution of global governance for marine plastic pollution, examining international, regional, and national policies and investigating power dynamics in plastic treaty negotiations at the UN level. The research argued for holistic lifecycle approaches that integrate plastic pollution governance with the ocean agenda, climate agenda, and broader environmental concerns to overcome governance gaps and promote treaty coherence.
Questa tesi di dottorato esplora come le politiche internazionali, regionali e nazionali possano affrontare le crescenti sfide dell’inquinamento marino da plastica. La plastica, come tipo specifico di rifiuto, causa numerose esternalità negative, soprattutto in ecosistemi fragili come l’ambiente marino. Queste sfide derivano da inefficienze e difficoltà oggettive nelle fasi di produzione, smaltimento e riciclaggio. Mentre la produzione, il consumo e lo scarico di plastica continuano ad aumentare, aumenta anche l’urgente necessità di un trattato globale onnicomprensivo che affronti efficacemente la natura transfrontaliera dell’inquinamento da plastica. Gli attuali sforzi normativi si sono concentrati principalmente sulla gestione dei rifiuti, ma queste misure non riescono a realizzare i cambiamenti sistemici e sociali necessari. A marzo 2022, gli Stati hanno concordato un mandato per avviare i negoziati su un trattato volto a eliminare l’inquinamento da plastica. I suddetti negoziati sono ancora in corso al momento di questa discussione. Redatta durante lo svolgimento di questi dibattiti, questa tesi fornisce un’analisi duale, esplorando due fasi chiave nell’evoluzione della governance globale dell’inquinamento (marino) da plastica. Per garantire la massima efficacia e impatto, è fondamentale colmare le lacune di governance nell’intero ciclo di vita della plastica e delle sostanze chimiche correlate. A tal fine, è necessario valutare le misure e gli sforzi esistenti, evidenziando le aree che potrebbero essere rafforzate nel quadro dei trattati pertinenti. La comunità internazionale ha proposto varie soluzioni, ma nessuna sembra in grado di fornire i benefici e le innovazioni che un nuovo trattato potrebbe offrire. In seguito, la tesi indaga le dinamiche di potere e le relazioni che influenzano i negoziati del trattato sulla plastica, esaminando i ruoli e l’impatto degli attori chiave nel processo decisionale. Riconoscendo che gli accordi globali devono essere tradotti in azioni concrete a livello nazionale e locale e devono stabilire sinergie e coordinamento con altri strumenti e programmi esistenti, in questo lavoro si sostiene la necessità dell’adozione di approcci olistici. Questi approcci non dovrebbero solo concentrarsi sull’intero ciclo di vita della plastica, ma anche considerare le più ampie complessità della questione, che si interseca con l’agenda oceanica, l’agenda climatica e altre preoccupazioni ambientali critiche. Integrando i risultati di queste analisi, questa tesi fornisce una comprensione completa delle complessità della governance globale della plastica e offre strategie per orchestrare un trattato che armonizzi diverse prospettive sull’inquinamento (marino) da plastica, eliminando i rischi di incoerenza o conflitti identificando possibilità di collaborazione nel caso in cui i mandati si sovrappongano. Come metodologia, la ricerca ha comportato l’implementazione di un metodo qualitativo di natura esplorativa, costituito da una revisione della letteratura scientifica e giuridica e da un’analisi critica della legislazione internazionale. I risultati contribuiscono a far progredire la ricerca sulla governance ambientale internazionale e forniscono raccomandazioni pratiche per elaborare un trattato globale che soddisfi l’urgenza e la portata della crisi dell’inquinamento da plastica, promuovendo al contempo un approccio più integrato per affrontare le sfide ambientali interconnesse. This doctoral thesis explores how international, regional and national policies can address the escalating challenges of marine plastic pollution. Plastic, as a specific type of waste, causes numerous negative externalities, especially in fragile ecosystems like the marine environment. These challenges stem from inefficiencies and objective difficulties in the production, disposal, and recycling phases. As plastic production, consumption, and discharge continue to rise, so does the urgent need for a comprehensive global treaty that effectively addresses the transboundary nature of plastic pollution. Current regulatory efforts have primarily focused on waste management, but these measures fall short of achieving the systemic and societal changes necessary. In March 2022, nations agreed to a mandate to begin negotiations on a treaty aimed at eliminating plastic pollution, with negotiations still underway at the time of this discussion. Written amid these ongoing debates, this thesis provides a dual analysis, exploring two key phases in the evolution of global (marine) plastic pollution governance. To ensure maximum effectiveness and impact, it is crucial to address governance gaps across the entire life cycle of plastics and related chemicals. This is done by assessing existing measures and efforts, highlighting areas that could be strengthened within the framework of relevant treaties. The international community has proposed various solutions, but none appear capable of delivering the benefits and innovations that a new treaty could offer. Following this, the thesis investigates the power dynamics and relationships influencing the plastic treaty negotiations, examining the roles and impact of key actors in the decision–making process. Acknowledging that global agreements must be translated into concrete actions at national and local levels and must establish synergies and coordination with other existing instruments and agendas, the research supports the adoption of holistic approaches. These approaches should not only focus on the entire life cycle of plastics but also consider the broader complexities of the issue, which intersects with the ocean agenda, the climate agenda, and other critical environmental concerns. By integrating insights from these analyses, this thesis provides a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of global plastic governance and offers strategies for orchestrating a treaty that harmonizes different perspectives on (marine) plastic pollution, eliminating the risks of inconsistency or conflicts by identifying possibilities for collaboration in the event that mandates overlap. As a methodology, the research involved the implementation of a qualitative method with an exploratory nature, consisting of a review of scientific and legal literature and a critical analysis of international legislation. The findings contribute to advancing international environmental governance research and provide practical recommendations for crafting a global treaty that meets the urgency and scale of the plastic pollution crisis, while promoting a more integrated approach to tackling interconnected environmental challenges.
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