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Integrated Pretreatment and Microbial Matching for PHA Production from Lignocellulosic Agro-Forestry Residues
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Researchers reviewed strategies for converting lignocellulosic agricultural and forestry residues — including rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and wood waste — into polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastics, identifying optimal pretreatment methods and microbial strains that maximize PHA yield from these low-cost, abundant feedstocks.
Lignocellulosic agro-forestry residues (LARs), such as rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and wood wastes, are abundant and low-cost feedstocks for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics. However, their complex cellulose–hemicellulose–lignin matrix requires integrated valorization strategies. This review presents a dual-framework approach: “pretreatment–co-substrate compatibility” and “pretreatment–microbial platform matching”, to align advanced pretreatment methods (including deacetylation–microwave integration, deep eutectic solvents, and non-sterilized lignin recovery) with engineered or extremophilic microbial hosts. A “metabolic interaction” perspective on co-substrate fermentation, encompassing dynamic carbon flux allocation, synthetic consortia cooperation, and one-pot process coupling, is used to elevate PHA titers and tailor copolymer composition. In addition, we synthesize comprehensive kinetic analyses from the literature that elucidate microbial growth, substrate consumption, and dynamic carbon flux allocation under feast–famine conditions, thereby informing process optimization and scalability. Microbial platforms are reclassified as broad-substrate, process-compatible, or product-customized categories to emphasize adaptive evolution, CRISPR-guided precision design, and consortia engineering. Finally, next-generation techno-economic analyses, embracing multi-product integration, regional adaptation, and carbon-efficiency metrics, are surveyed to chart viable paths for scaling LAR-to-PHA into circular bioeconomy manufacturing.
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This review examines microbial fermentation strategies for converting phenol—a toxic industrial pollutant—into polyhydroxyalkanoate bioplastics, addressing both environmental contamination and fossil-plastic dependence simultaneously. Strategies including mixed microbial communities, gradual phenol acclimatization, feast-famine cycles, and co-substrate feeding show promise for overcoming phenol toxicity and improving PHA yields.
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Researchers reviewed microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from wastewater organic carbon and nitrogen, finding that while mixed microbial cultures can achieve competitive bioplastic yields, process scale-up is constrained by inconsistent feedstock composition and high downstream extraction costs.
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This review provides a comprehensive overview of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), natural bioplastics produced by microorganisms, covering their properties, biosynthesis, and production from agroindustrial waste streams such as cheese whey, cacao shells, and beet molasses. While PHAs show strong potential as sustainable replacements for petroleum-based plastics, the authors identify ongoing challenges in optimizing extraction, purification, and cost-effectiveness at industrial scale.
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