Microplastic Pollution in Mountain Environments

Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most urgent environmental challenges of our era, with microplastics (MPs) contributing substantially to the problem. MPs, plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in diameter, have emerged as a pervasive pollutant, infiltrating even the most remote corners of the planet [1]. These particles, along with even smaller nanoplastics (1 nm and 100 nm) [2], originate from a myriad of sources, both terrestrial and atmospheric, and are transported over vast distances, ultimately accumulating in diverse environmental compartments [3]. Mountain ecosystems, often perceived as pristine and isolated, are increasingly recognized as vulnerable recipients of microplastic pollution [4]. The unique topography, climate, and hydrological processes of these regions create complex pathways for microplastic transport and fate, posing potential risks to fragile flora and fauna. This chapter delves into the current understanding of microplastic sources, transport mechanisms, and fate in mountain environments. By synthesizing recent research findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathways by which these ubiquitous pollutants reach mountain environments, highlighting the key factors influencing their distribution and persistence. Furthermore, we identify critical knowledge gaps and propose future research directions to advance our understanding of microplastic dynamics in these valuable and vulnerable ecosystems.