Microplastic Detection and Monitoring in Biological and Environmental Systems: A Mini Review of Techniques and Strategies

Since their initial discovery in the environment in the 1960s and later in human tissues in 2018, microplastics have become a global concern regarding their potential risks for the health of ecological and biological systems. Accurate detection and quantification of microplastics are critical to assessing the distribution, toxicity, biological interactions, and long-term impact of microplastics in both biological and environmental systems. These assessments heavily rely on the appropriate application of various materials characterization technologies and analytical instruments. In this mini review, we examined and compared the capabilities and limitations of major detection techniques and strategies, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS). Special attention is given to emerging novel techniques, such as laser direct infrared (LDIR) spectroscopy, micro-Raman, and micro-FTIR, which exhibit great potential in rapid and accurate detection and monitoring of microplastics. Established on interdisciplinary cooperation, the continued development of novel technologies, formulation of standardized protocols, and implementation of analytical approaches are pivotal for detecting and monitoring microplastics and their chemistry, size, and shape distributions accurately and robustly.