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Toxic effects of microplastics in aquatic environments and the pathways to sustainable management

Ocean Science Journal 2026
Shivani Kumar S, D. Sangeetha

Summary

This review examines the origin, classification, detection methods, marine environmental effects, and treatment strategies for microplastics, with a focus on Indian policy frameworks and the potential of biological degradation approaches. The study highlights critical research gaps and calls for prioritizing biodegradation-based remediation to sustainably manage microplastic contamination in ecosystems.

Environmental hazards caused by untreated synthetic polymer wastes, which are harmful to the environment after being gradually broken down into microsized particles through a number of processes. Many studies focusing on microplastics (particle sizes ranging from 1 to 5 mm) have been published. Recent discoveries of microplastics in the atmosphere of cities, suburbs, and even remote areas raise the possibility that the atmosphere might carry microplastics over long distances. The tiny size of microplastics, compared with that of macroplastics, makes their detection in environmental samples more difficult and necessitates the requirement of more advanced analytical methods. Microplastics have been detected using a wide range of technologies. This extensive review focuses on the Indian Governmental policies regarding plastic pollution and the origin, classification, detection, marine environmental effects and effective treatment strategies of microplastics. In this study, we also discuss the current approaches, research gaps of previous studies and future challenges. This review suggests that the employment of biological methods of deterioration should be prioritised in order to ensure the continued viability of the ecosystem.

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