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Multifaceted advances in TiO 2 -based photocatalysts for PFAS degradation: a critical review of mechanisms, modifications, and challenges
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A critical review of TiO2-based photocatalysts for PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance) degradation finds that doping, composite formation, and heterojunction engineering significantly boost defluorination efficiency, while photoelectrochemical systems offer additional advantages for scale-up. PFAS are persistent co-contaminants frequently found adsorbed onto microplastic surfaces, making advances in their photocatalytic degradation directly relevant to comprehensive plastic pollution remediation.
TiO 2 remains central in photocatalysis, alone or in hybrids. Doping, composites, and heterojunctions boost PFAS degradation. Advanced oxidation and PEC improve defluorination. Mechanistic insights address stability, matrix effects, and scale-up.
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Fluorine-doped TiO2 synthesized via one-step PVDF pyrolysis achieved 92% PFOA removal versus 58% for pristine TiO2, with nine-fold faster kinetics and confirmed defluorination, by synergizing adsorption and photocatalysis without noble metals or graphene. This cost-effective approach addresses a critical gap in treating PFAS-contaminated water at low concentrations, where conventional methods fail.
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This review examines emerging photoassisted technologies — including UV photolysis, heterogeneous photocatalysis, persulfate activation, and photo-Fenton reactions — as promising methods to degrade persistent PFAS "forever chemicals" in water, addressing the limitations of conventional treatment approaches that concentrate rather than destroy these toxic compounds.
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