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Adverse effects of 6PPD-quinone bioaccumulation at environmentally relevant concentrations on Cyprinus carpio growth and development
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Chronic exposure of carp (Cyprinus carpio) to 6PPD-quinone, a tire wear rubber additive oxidation byproduct, disrupted cytoskeletal pathways and suppressed growth-related gene expression, demonstrating toxicity to non-salmonid fish species. As tire rubber particles are a major source of environmental microplastics, the broad ecotoxicological threat posed by their chemical additives like 6PPD-Q warrants urgent attention in pollution monitoring.
With industrial advancements, the development and use of various additive substances have increased, leading to their potential release into the environment during use and disposal. As a primary tyre additive, the rubber additive, N1-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-N4-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (6PPD) has recently become an environmental issue. Its oxidation by-product, 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), which is released from tyre wear, has drawn considerable attention because of its potent toxicity to fish in aquatic environments, particularly to coho salmon. In this study, we aimed to determine whether 6PPD-Q is potentially toxic to non-salmonid fish species within aquatic ecosystems, using carp (Cyprinus carpio) as a representative model organism for toxicity assessment. We analysed the proteomic changes in carp following 8 weeks of chronic exposure to 6PPD-Q, and the effects were further evaluated using gene-based analyses. 6PPD-Q disrupts cytoskeleton-related pathways and induces oxidative stress in carp. This can potentially impair the antioxidant defence system and suppress gene expression related to growth and metabolism, contributing to a decline in health. These findings suggest that 6PPD-Q poses a serious threat to the growth and survival of aquatic organisms. Considering the escalating global tyre consumption and the resultant environmental runoff of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q, ongoing research into the ecotoxicology of these additives, along with the development of safer alternatives, is strongly warranted.
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Not Just a Fish Killer: Multi-Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms of 6PPD-Quinone
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6PPD-Quinone, a rubber tire antioxidant byproduct found in stormwater runoff, causes multi-organ toxicity across species via oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disruption—and has now been detected in human urine. As a tire-derived contaminant closely linked to microplastic pollution from road wear particles, 6PPD-Q represents an emerging chemical hazard requiring urgent regulatory attention.
Transcriptomic and Proteomic Insights into 6PPD/6PPD-Q Induced Oxidative Stress in Black-Spotted Frogs
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Researchers studied the toxic effects of 6PPD and its breakdown product 6PPD-quinone, both chemicals derived from tire rubber, on the livers of black-spotted frogs. They found that both chemicals caused oxidative stress by reducing key protective enzymes, with 6PPD-quinone showing more severe effects. The study identifies specific stress and immune defense pathways that are disrupted, adding to growing evidence that tire-related chemicals pose significant risks to aquatic wildlife.
Comprehensive review on environmental pollution caused by 6PPD-quinone and remediation strategies
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A comprehensive review of 6PPD-quinone — a tire wear chemical that causes mortality in coho salmon — surveys its environmental fate, bioaccumulation through the food chain, and potential remediation strategies including alternative antioxidant compounds and nano-modified materials. Tire wear particles are a major source of microplastic pollution, and understanding toxic co-chemicals like 6PPD-quinone is essential for assessing the full health burden of tire-derived microplastic contamination.
Environmental and Human Health Risks of 6PPD and 6PPDQ: Assessment and Implications.
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This review synthesized current knowledge on 6PPD and its tire-derived quinone derivative 6PPDQ, focusing on their environmental distribution, transformation, human exposure pathways, and ecological toxicity. The authors found that 6PPDQ in particular poses significant risks to aquatic organisms, including coho salmon.
Environmental impact of tire and road wear particle residue on gammarids and potential ecological consequences
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Researchers investigated the ecotoxicological effects of tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) on freshwater gammarids, finding toxicity from both physical particle effects and leachable compounds including 6PPD-quinone. Combined chemical and physical exposure produced greater harm than either alone, with implications for stormwater runoff management.
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