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Plastika v kmetijstvu: uporaba in vplivi ostankov plastike na tla ter zelenjadarske pridelovalne sisteme
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A review of plastic use in agriculture found that mulch films, greenhouse covers, and irrigation systems drive significant microplastic accumulation in soils through aging and fragmentation, with particles altering soil aggregate stability, water retention, and biological activity. Even biodegradable plastics fail to fully decompose under real agricultural conditions, meaning agricultural plastic use represents a major pathway for microplastic entry into food systems and soil ecosystems.
Plastika je zaradi nizkih stroškov, vsestranske uporabnosti in obstojnosti postala nepogrešljiv material sodobnega kmetijstva, pri čemer ima njena uporaba kljub razmeroma majhnemu deležu v svetovni proizvodnji pomemben vpliv na delovanje agroekosistemov. V kmetijski praksi prispeva k večji produktivnosti in učinkovitejši rabi naravnih virov, hkrati pa predstavlja vir onesnaževanja tal, saj se s staranjem in razgradnjo kopiči v tleh v obliki manjših plastičnih delcev, ki lahko prehajajo v vodne in prehranske verige. Namen članka je ovrednotiti znanje o virih, poteh vnosa in okoljskih učinkih mikroplastike (MP) v kmetijskih tleh. Glavni viri vnosa plastičnih delcev v kmetijska tla vključujejo uporabo kompostiranih in fermentiranih organskih ostankov, komunalnega blata, namakanje z odpadno vodo ter razgradnjo in zaoravanje plastičnih zastirnih folij, dodatno pa tudi izluževanje iz neustrezno upravljanih odlagališč odpadkov. Po vnosu v tla se plastični delci vežejo na mineralne in organske komponente ter postanejo del talnega sistema, kar lahko povzroči spremembe gostote tal, stabilnosti agregatov, sposobnosti zadrževanja vode in vodoodbojnosti. Posebna pozornost je v članku namenjena uporabi plastičnih materialov v zelenjadarski pridelavi, kjer kritine rastlinjakov in tunelov, zastirne folije ter namakalni sistemi pomembno prispevajo k uravnavanju mikroklimatskih razmer in stabilnosti pridelave. Na podlagi pregleda literature ugotavljamo, da tudi biorazgradljivi materiali v realnih talnih razmerah pogosto ne dosegajo pričakovane stopnje razgradnje, kar poudarja potrebo po celostni oceni materialov ter razvoju trajnostnih in odgovornih kmetijskih praks za zmanjšanje onesnaženosti tal s plastiko.
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A Slovenian review of plastics in agriculture documents how mulch films, greenhouse coverings, and wastewater irrigation introduce microplastic particles into soils, where they alter aggregate stability, water retention, and can enter food and water chains. This study directly addresses agricultural plastics as a major microplastic source, highlighting risks that extend from soil health to broader ecosystem contamination.
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