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Transcriptomic and Proteomic Insights into 6PPD/6PPD-Q Induced Oxidative Stress in Black-Spotted Frogs
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Researchers studied the toxic effects of 6PPD and its breakdown product 6PPD-quinone, both chemicals derived from tire rubber, on the livers of black-spotted frogs. They found that both chemicals caused oxidative stress by reducing key protective enzymes, with 6PPD-quinone showing more severe effects. The study identifies specific stress and immune defense pathways that are disrupted, adding to growing evidence that tire-related chemicals pose significant risks to aquatic wildlife.
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and its oxidation product 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) can have lethal effects on aquatic organisms, interfering with gene expression and protein content in aquatic animals. In this study, we performed proteomics and transcriptomics analyses on the livers of black-spotted frogs exposed to 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. The results showed that 6PPD and 6PPD-Q can cause oxidative stress in the liver, significantly reducing catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, with 6PPD-Q having a more significant toxic effect. Through transcriptomics and proteomics analysis, this study identified oxidative stress and immune defense pathways. In this study, the liver of the black-spotted frog provided some molecular insights into the toxicity of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. Nonetheless, additional investigations are required to gain a clearer comprehension of the possible mechanisms that drive how aquatic organisms react to the toxic effects of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q.
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Chemicals that leach out of tire particles (tiny bits of rubber worn off tires that wash into waterways) caused frogs' livers to build up excess fat and disrupted how their cells produce energy. While this study was done in frogs rather than humans, it adds to growing evidence that tire particle pollution, now widespread in water, soil, and air, may affect liver and metabolic health in animals, raising questions about what similar exposures could mean for people.
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This review synthesizes current knowledge on tire wear particles as a major source of traffic-related microplastic pollution in aquatic environments. The study found that tire wear particles and their chemical leachates, including heavy metals like zinc and organic compounds like 6-PPD, induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in aquatic organisms while disrupting biodiversity and destabilizing food web dynamics at the ecosystem level.
Environmental and Human Health Risks of 6PPD and 6PPDQ: Assessment and Implications.
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This review synthesized current knowledge on 6PPD and its tire-derived quinone derivative 6PPDQ, focusing on their environmental distribution, transformation, human exposure pathways, and ecological toxicity. The authors found that 6PPDQ in particular poses significant risks to aquatic organisms, including coho salmon.
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