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Development and mechanical characterization of plastic wood from plant waste and recycled plastic

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Wood-plastic composites (WPC) made from recycled high-density polyethylene and local plant fibers (pineapple and fique leaf) achieved up to a 437.9% increase in elastic modulus and tensile strength peaking at 32 MPa with 40% fiber content. Developing high-performance materials from recycled plastics and agricultural waste directly addresses plastic waste streams that are major sources of environmental microplastic fragmentation.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las propiedades físicas y mecánica de compuestos de madera plástica (WPC) preparados con polietileno de alta densidad (PEAD) reciclado y fibras lignocelulósicas de origen local: fibras de hoja de piña y fibras de hoja de fique. El procedimiento experimental incluyó la adecuación y preparación de fibras (secado, molienda y tamizado), la dosificación de los componentes (incluido el polietileno injertado con anhídrido maleico (PE-g-MAH) como compatibilizador), la mezcla mediante reometría de torque y el conformado por prensado en caliente y corte láser. Se analizaron cinco mezclas para cada sistema con contenido másico de refuerzo: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% y 80%. La caracterización mecánica, realizada mediante ensayos de tensión, flexión y dureza, evidenció un incremento significativo de la rigidez del material con la adición de fibras, alcanzando un aumento del módulo de elasticidad del 437,9 % para el 80 % de fibra de piña, la resistencia a la tensión presentó un valor máximo de 32 MPa al 40 % de fibra de piña, la ductilidad disminuyó progresivamente con el incremento del refuerzo. Además, se evaluó el WPC a través de ensayos de densidad, ángulo de contacto y absorción de humedad, se observó un aumento de la densidad y de la susceptibilidad higroscópica, junto con una reducción de la hidrofobicidad superficial al incrementar el contenido de fibra. Finalmente, se realizó una simulación sobre un perfil estructural de WPC, la cual mostró una distribución de esfuerzos coherente con el comportamiento mecánico experimental.

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