Co-occurrence and regulation of nanoplastics and typical flame retardant in anammox process: Potential risk and molecular mechanism

Microplastics and nanoplastics in human health: a comprehensive review of exposure pathways, cellular mechanisms, and toxicological implications

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Researchers reviewed human exposure pathways to microplastics and nanoplastics through seafood, salt, drinking water, inhalation, and skin contact, examining how these particles cross biological barriers to reach organs and trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption with poorly understood long-term consequences.

Cellular and Animal Toxicities of Micro- and Nanoplastics

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Researchers reviewed evidence from cell and animal studies on the toxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics, finding that these particles can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and organ damage in laboratory models, raising concern about what chronic low-level human exposure might mean for long-term health.

The effects of nanoplastics on toxicity of metals and metal nanoparticles: molecular mechanisms and health effects

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Researchers reviewed how co-exposure to nanoplastics and heavy metals produces synergistic toxicity across multiple species and cell models, finding that nanoplastics enhance metal bioavailability and amplify oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and gut dysbiosis more severely than equivalent microplastic co-exposures.

Molecular mechanisms of microplastics toxicity

The bioaccumulation and carcinogenic potential of micro- and nanoplastics in humans

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This comprehensive review synthesizes recent evidence showing that micro- and nanoplastics accumulate in multiple human organs and examines the biological pathways by which these particles could potentially promote cancer development. As plastic particles are now confirmed inside human tissues, understanding their carcinogenic potential has become one of the most urgent questions in environmental health research.