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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Leaching from Micro- and Nanoplastics and the Associated Influence of the Plastisphere
Summary
A three-month seawater incubation study found that PFAS leaching from micro- and nanoplastics into seawater occurred almost exclusively from fluoropolymer plastics, and plastisphere bacteria modulated the release of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids. This confirms that microplastics act as vectors for co-leaching persistent PFAS contaminants, with marine microbial communities playing an active role in shaping that chemical release.
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) act as vectors for persistent organic pollutants in marine environments, yet their role in leaching of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remains poorly understood. We investigated PFAS leaching from MNPs during a 3-month seawater incubation experiment and explored the potential influence of the plastisphere on PFAS release dynamics. We quantified unknown PFAS using the total oxidizable precursor assay (TOPA) by converting oxidizable precursors into detectable perfluoroalkyl acids. Targeted chemical analysis quantified PFAS in MNPs and seawater leachates. While multiple PFAS were successfully solvent extracted (sequential extractions using acetonitrile:isopropanol and hexane) from various MNPs, detectable leaching into seawater occurred exclusively from polytetrafluoroethylene and fluorinated ethylene propylene MNPs. TOPA revealed the highest total PFAS concentrations in fluoropolymer MNPs, indicating the presence of oxidizable precursors and suggesting additional PFAS formation potential beyond the extractable fraction. A plastisphere-isolated bacterium significantly influenced the leaching of short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, specifically perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, and perfluoroheptanoic acid, with the total PFAS concentration leached higher without than with bacteria. This finding suggests that marine microbial activity within the plastisphere may actively modulate the fate of MNP-bound PFAS, potentially altering their bioavailability and ecological impact.