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Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants in Wuhan, China: associations with birth outcomes and breastfeeding safety
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Breast milk samples from 99 mothers in Wuhan showed detectable levels of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and PBDEs, with specific congeners (β-HCH, PCB-170, BDE-28) significantly correlated with neonatal birth weight and head circumference outcomes, though estimated daily infant intake remained below safety thresholds for most samples. This study reinforces concerns about prenatal and early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants as co-contaminants that, like microplastics, accumulate in biological tissues and transfer to infants through breast milk.
Infants are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their developing physiological systems and relatively high exposure per unit body weight. This study quantified legacy POPs in breast milk samples collected from 99 lactating mothers in Wuhan, China, and evaluated their associations with neonatal birth outcomes. The predominant organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) detected were 1,2,3,4,5,6 -hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites. Among polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), PCB-52 and BDE-154 were the most abundant congeners. Maternal factors, including parity, body mass index, and dietary patterns, significantly influenced POP concentrations in breast milk. Our results revealed significant associations between specific POPs and birth outcomes. For instance, β -HCH was positively correlated with birth weight, whereas heptachlor exhibited a negative correlation. Additionally, PCB-170 was inversely correlated with infant head circumference, while BDE-28 and BDE-99 showed positive correlations. Our health risk assessment demonstrated that, despite elevated POP levels in a subset of samples, the estimated daily intake for most breastfed infants remained below established safety thresholds. These findings reaffirm that the established nutritional and immunological benefits of breastfeeding far outweigh the potential risks from background POP exposure. Nevertheless, the persistent and widespread detection of these contaminants underscores the need for ongoing biomonitoring and public health interventions to reduce maternal body burdens by mitigating environmental and dietary sources.
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This review summarizes evidence on environmental contaminants, including pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals, and microplastics, detected in human breast milk in Indonesia. Researchers found that risk factors for contamination include pesticide use, environmental pollution, maternal body fat, and occupational exposure, with potential health impacts on infants involving neurodevelopmental disturbances and endocrine effects. The study emphasizes that the benefits of breastfeeding still outweigh the risks of low-level contaminant exposure, while calling for improved environmental surveillance in Indonesia.
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