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Intensified carotenoid accumulation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa under Pb Stress
Summary
Scientists studied how a type of yeast responds to toxic metals like lead and cadmium by producing carotenoids—the same healthy compounds that give carrots their orange color. They found that the yeast makes more carotenoids when exposed to lead compared to cadmium, which helps protect the cells from damage. This research could help us better understand how to use beneficial microorganisms to clean up metal pollution in the environment, potentially reducing human exposure to these harmful substances.
Abstract Carotenoids are synthesized to compete with ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation under HM stress. This study contrasted the dynamic responses of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (Rho) under Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) stresses. Carotenoid accumulation was observed in all the treatments (except at 2500 mg·L − 1 ) under Pb(Ⅱ) stress. In particular, Rho exhibited the most intense carotenoid accumulation at 200 mg·L − 1 Pb level. In addition, Pb(Ⅱ) cations were inclined to form nanoparticles intra- and extracellularly, which weakened their toxicity. In contrast, carotenoid accumulation in Rho was relatively weak at Cd level of > 100 mg·L − 1 due to the high toxicity. The carotenoid accumulation was only evident as low as 25 mg·L − 1 Cd level. Under Cd(Ⅱ) stress, the abundances of antioxidants (SOD and GSH) were peaked after 72 h incubation. Meanwhile, signal of tyrosine was also peaked at 72 h based on 3D-EEM analysis. In contrast, the critical role of key genes involved in carotenoid metabolic process (HMGCs, mvaK2, mvaD, and GGPS1) were upregulated. Therefore, carotenoids would dominate the detoxification under strong Cd(Ⅱ) stress after 72 h incubation possibly. Importance : Carotenoids are synthesized as a typical antioxidant to compete with reactive oxygen species under stress. The representative yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa exhibited the most intense carotenoid accumulation at 200 mg/L Pb level as Pb(Ⅱ) cations inclined to form nanoparticles intracellularly and extracellularly, which weakened their toxicity. In contrast, carotenoid accumulation was weak at Cd level of > 100 mg/L. The carotenoid accumulation was only evident as low as 25 mg/L Cd level. Moreover, the key genes involved in carotenoid metabolic process were upregulated under Cd stress. These findings elucidated the significant contrasts for different metals during detoxification by fungi.
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