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A Review on Polypropylene Microplastics and Respiratory Toxicity
Summary
This review of existing research shows that tiny plastic particles from polypropylene (a common plastic used in food containers and clothing) are now found in the air we breathe and even in human lung tissue. When these microplastics get into our lungs, they can cause inflammation and damage that may lead to breathing problems and other health issues. The findings suggest we need to better understand and reduce our exposure to these plastic particles in our daily environment.
Microplastics are emerging airborne pollutants with growing concern regarding their respiratory health effects. Polypropylene (PP), one of the most widely produced polymers, has been increasingly detected in indoor dust, atmospheric particles, and human lung tissues. Inhaled PP microplastics can deposit in the lower respiratory tract, where they initiate oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-κB and MAPK. These molecular events promote the release of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, leading to immune cell recruitment, epithelial barrier disruption, and progressive tissue remodeling. Experimental studies in animal and cellular models demonstrate inflammatory infiltration, collagen deposition, and persistent pulmonary injury following PP exposure. Emerging human evidence further confirms microplastic presence in lung tissue and biological fluids, suggesting potential systemic translocation. This review synthesizes current mechanistic insights, experimental findings, biomarker evidence, and mitigation strategies related to polypropylene-induced pulmonary inflammation