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In Vitro Digestion of Tire Particles in a Fish Model (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Solubilization Kinetics of Heavy Metals and Effects of Food Coingestion.
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This study found that fish gastrointestinal fluids greatly enhance the release of zinc from tire and road wear particles compared to plain water, with 9.6-23% of total zinc solubilized during digestion. Coingestion with animal-based food reduced zinc availability while coingestion with plant-based food increased it, suggesting food type matters when assessing metal exposure from tire particle ingestion.
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) have been shown to represent a large part of anthropogenic particles released into the environment. Nevertheless, the potential ecological risk of TRWP in the different environmental compartments and their potential toxic impacts on terrestrial and aquatic organisms remain largely underinvestigated. Several heavy metals compose TRWP, including Zn, which is used as a catalyst during the vulcanization process of rubber. This study investigated the solubilization potential of metals from cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT) and TRWP in simulated gastric fluids (SF) and simulated intestinal fluids (SF) designed to mimic rainbow trout () gastrointestinal conditions. Our results indicate that the solubilization of heavy metals was greatly enhanced by gastrointestinal fluids compared to that by mineral water. After a 26 h digestion, 9.6 and 23.0% of total Zn content of CMTT and TRWP, respectively, were solubilized into the simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Coingestion of tire particles (performed with CMTT only) and surrogate prey items () demonstrated that the animal organic matter reduced the amount of bioavailable Zn solubilized from CMTT. Contrastingly, in the coingestion scenario with vegetal organic matter (), high quantities of Zn were solubilized from and cumulated with Zn solubilized from CMTT.
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Bioaccessibility of Organic Compounds Associated with Tire Particles Using a Fish In Vitro Digestive Model: Solubilization Kinetics and Effects of Food Coingestion.
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Researchers used a fish gastrointestinal model to test the bioaccessibility of toxic organic chemicals associated with tire and road wear particles (TRWPs). They found that several compounds including benzothiazoles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were released from tire particles under simulated digestive conditions. This suggests that fish consuming TRWPs could be exposed to meaningful doses of tire-derived chemicals.
Bioaccessibility of organic compounds associated with tire particles using a fish in vitro digestive model: solubilization kinetics and effects of food co-ingestion
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This study investigated the bioaccessibility of chemicals from tire and road wear particles (TRWP) to aquatic organisms using a fish in vitro digestive model. It found that co-ingested food increased the solubilization of chemical contaminants from TRWP, suggesting higher bioavailability in realistic feeding conditions.
In-vitro digestion of Tire and Road Wear Particles: Bioavailability of metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Researchers used simulated rainbow trout gastric and intestinal fluids to assess the bioavailability of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from tire and road wear particles, finding up to 10-fold greater solubilization in gut fluids compared to controls, with zinc highly released in acidic gastric conditions and PAHs mobilized by bile surfactants in intestinal fluid.
Evaluation of tire tread particle toxicity to fish using rainbow trout cell lines
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Researchers tested how tire and road wear particles — tiny fragments shed from vehicle tires — affect fish cells representing gill and intestinal tissue. They found toxicity was mainly driven by chemicals leaching out of the particles, including zinc and several rubber additives, with digestion conditions increasing how much of these chemicals were released.
Comparative toxicity of tire wear particle leachates: Zinc as a key toxicant affecting development and motility in zebrafish larvae
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Researchers compared the toxicity of leachates from tire wear particles with different treadwear grades on zebrafish larvae, finding that zinc was the primary toxicant responsible for developmental impairment and reduced motility across all treadwear grades tested.
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